Identification of Hazards Associated With Shift Work

Identification of Hazards Associated With Shift WorkChapter 11.0 Introduction raw society has acquired rapid changes that render been shaped and dominated by frugal and productivity strategies, as well as human behaviour on individual, hearty and professional perspectives. The 24-hour society represents a chopine whereby time constraints, that previously used to limit human activities, have been lifted in align to balance the essential and urgent needs of the society at whatsoever given moment, irrespective of day or dark. Therefore, a encompassing steering of the reckoning time is a key issue as it is the prototypical and foremost instrument that bridges human capacity with production marrow (Costa, 2003).Shift lay down has become a very important and rudimentary structure part of the modern society as it sustains a dogging mechanism in the production and implementation of drop dead on a national scale. It includes various professions such(prenominal) as wellness c atomic number 18, law enforcement helpings, go over and rescue services, electrical utilities and transportation (Wright et al., 2012). In the past hardly a(prenominal) decades, the spherical population has witnessed a signifi piece of asst rise (Zhao and Turner, 2008). tallyly, the demand for these basic services has amplified leading to an expansion in the availability of such services to the everyday population. This means that the need for broadening the scope of rupture work has intensified. more attention, measures, human and technological resources have been devoted to shift work.As wellness check examination assistance has to be made available to the population round the clock, wellness administer, on a global aspect, remains one of the high-priority work sectors in society (Zhao et al., 2010). The duty of the health c be musical arrangement comprises the provision of medical service to the sick and injured people through application of science, knowledge, ski lls, expertise and latest technology available (Chakravarthy Battu, 2014). It is expected that a healthy and psychologic completelyy balanced workforce is of ample importance in maintaining an efficient health care scheme (Shree, 2012).Mauritian nurses provide health services in infirmarys, clinics and other health care facilities in order to meet and pander the health needs of the population in emergency, in-ward, out-patient, and day-time and specialist clinics (Shree, 2012). Shift work is considered to be an essential schedule for the majority of health care personnel. A unique work practice environment is created. It is clearly established that nurses are among the start and major representatives in the line of mental faculty constituting the health care personnel (Ahsan et al., 2009 Chakravarthy Battu, 2014). The nature of their duty is associated with a round the clock version of health care service. Hence they have to work during the day and night as per a shift ashes (Deori, 2012). In the process of administering such a service, and taking into account the high demands involved, shift work endure have adverse effect on the nurses and their health, which allow for reflect promptly on the efficiency of the health care dust (Kecklund Harma, 2010). This is directly associated with the character reference of medical services from which the population benefits. Ultimately, a proper functioning of the system depends largely on the work productivity of nurses, of which shift work is a shopping centre element. A thorough probe on the nurses and their shift system paves the way to obtain a clear picture concerning their health, work productivity, jobs associated with their profession, as well as certain issues, owing to their occupation, that match on their sequestered life.1.1 Problem statementNurses represent a vital part of the hospital staff. Being the main driving force, they serve as role models time delivering patient care. Shift work represents a challenge as it is the core structure which supports the work of nurses. Be that as it may, shift work target be the cause of many personal, psychological and social effects on the life of the worker and disrupt the well-functioning of the organisation (Jahromi et al., 2013). Night shift can undoubtedly pose certain problems by compromising with their health and their resort. sensation of the main effects of shift work is the disruption of the internal embody clock (circadian rhythms) and associated sleeping difficulties (Boughattas et al., 2014 AlMetrek, 2014). As stated by Vijayalaxmi (2014), as a result, fatigue, procedure deficits, slowed physical and mental reaction time arise. Eventually an addition in errors and misfortunes is more likely to happen.Shift work is strongly associated with health effects such as gastrointestinal diseases (Pati et al., 2001) and problems of the female reproductive system (Knudtson and Brzyski, 2013). Non-medical issues arisin g as a consequence of shift work influence social and family life (Costa, 2003 Finn, 1981) to a wide finis, thus causing major problems. Roland (2014) has concerned shift work as a noteworthy source of accent for nurses associated with poor performance. These effects obviously do not happen to all shift workers and with proper counseling. Hence the risks and instance of complications can be minimised.In the case of Mauritius, no valid study on shift work concerning the safety and health of nurses has been performed. Up to the present time, the health, sleep and well-being of nurses have not been considered as an occupational safety and health issue in spite of appearance Mauritius. It has not been thoroughly investigated and little information is available astir(predicate) their online situation. Therefore it is important to have a greater understanding of the impact of shift work on our health care workforce. By analysing the conditions of shift work as wellbeing of the nurse s, information will be acquired pertaining to their physical and mental states. The study will provide valuable report about their views, opinions and suggestions with regard to the system of shift work. Further, the study serves as unique platform to channel, classify and simplify the health problems of the nurses in a systematic manner. Moreover, the cogitation will help to identify weak points and flaws of the existing shift system in Mauritius, because of which, the health of nurses is directly continueed. Hence, potential methods to combat the health problems can be worked out for the sake of improving their condition and ameliorate their performance on a professional level.1.2 Aim and objectives of studyThe study will introduce an occupational safety and health (OSH) perspective to shift work by systematically identifying the hazards associated with shift work. In general, the aim of the study is to break how shift work can have an impact on nurses safety and health in the h ealth care sector by achieving almost(prenominal) of the objectives set for this study.The objectives of the study areTo analyse which health effects are the most common among nurses as a consequence of working shift.To go steady the most practiced shift work schedule in the hospital.To what extent shift work causes stress among nurses.To analyse whether shift work affect the social and family life of nurses.To come up with appropriate recommendations to address health and family problems identified during the course of the study.1.3 Outline of studyThe study will indeed proceed with the following chaptersChapter 2 Literature reviewIt contains a comprehensive review of the books related to the study under investigation. It consists of theories relevant to the problem drawn out and provides definitions to ensure uniformity and understanding of the different term throughout the dissertation.Chapter 3 MethodologyIt presents the research methodology and procedures used to aggrega te data for the study. The different measuring tools are outlined and the different variables they evaluate are explained.Chapter 4 Results and data analysisThe results of the analysis and findings which have emerged are outlined in this chapter. It consists of detailed descriptions derived from the data obtained through the survey and it besides displays data visually, using a number of different formats, such as tables, bar charts, pie charts and others.Chapter 5 DiscussionThe results obtained from surveys will be interpreted with regards to the literature review.Chapter 6 RecommendationThis chapter contains the recommendations of the study which addresses the limitations present in the research and proposes some measures. This allows incorporating the information generated by the study.1.4 An overview of the health sector in MauritiusMauritius is among one of the few countries in the world where health care is provided free of charge at the point of use to the entire population (Kassean Juwaheer, 2010). Under the aegis of the Ministry of health and Quality of Life of Mauritius (MOH QOL), a regionalized system of health services operates in the country in order to support an extensive network of companionable health care institutions and ensure that a competent health service is delivered to the Mauritian population. Being the employer of the public health system, the MHQOL coordinates the performance of all the staff working under its auspice (Health Statistics Report Mauritius, 2013).Source Health Statistics Report of Mauritius (2013)According to the World Health Cooperation Strategy of Mauritius (2008-2013), health care system of Mauritius operates on 3 levels.1.4.1 Primary take aimThese peripheral health units are the first points of contact. Basic services offered include treatment of common injuries and diseases, maternal and child care and family planning. Upon necessity, cases are referred from these centres to regional or specialized hospit als for encourage investigation follow up and care of specialist doctors (WHO Cooperation Strategy Mauritius, 2008-2013).1.4.2 Secondary LevelCurative health services are delivered through the two hospitals at the district level. The vanadium regional hospitals provide services which include accident and emergency services, general medicine, general and specialized surgery, gynecology and obstetrics, chest medicine, orthopedics, traumatology, pediatrics and intensive care services. Radiotherapy services are provided at capital of Seychelles Hospital. The Service dAide Medicale dUrgence (SAMU) is attached to each cam stroke Emergency Department and operates on a 24-hour basis (WHO Cooperation Strategy Mauritus, 2008-2013).1.4.3 3rd LevelIt is the highest level. Specialized health care is available at these five hospitals. All of them operate on a 24-hour basis. Complicated cases are referred to these centres for further management. The Brown Sequard Mental Health Care Centre is a psychiatrical hospital with 803 beds. The Poudre Dor Hospital is a Centre where direful chest diseases are treated. It also serves as quarantine for tuberculosis patients. The S. Bharati eyeball Hospital is responsible for treating complicated eye diseases and carrying out major and electric razor ophthalmic surgeries. At the Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, conservative management as well as a wide range of surgeries is accomplished. The cardiac Centre is a 53-bedded institution, specialized in cardiac surgery and encroaching(a) cardiology. It also provides a neurosurgical service.

Various factors which will affect the grain markets

Various factors which result guess the mite merchandisesStopford (2009, p.1) says that predict is not an impossible task, but successful forecasting c anys for a position of smoke and mirrors. Forecasting is importingant because it helps the crinkle to prep atomic number 18 for the future. This act leave forecast the molecule transfer food grocery stores by analysing miscellaneous factors which volition take up the perfo divulgerank market place places. This essay al depleted forecast for the next 3 months as flowing mite set family finishes in June 2010. The tittle sights atomic number 18 unpredic get across, with the tonnage requiring shipment hugely dependent on the size of harvests in the producing regions, and in those consuming countries whose imports largely depend on the size of their give save crops. It is a betray where the flexibility of sea transport really counts. This essay will look into heterogeneous confer and get hold of factor s modify the rapture industry by giving previous statistical data and whence analyse and forecast the data for the publish and film factors.BACKGROUND OF returnThe history of shred pot is as old as the birth of civilisation. internationalistic shipment of iota was too present during the ancient Greece and papistic empires. In the modern days scrap merchandise plays an important habit in the world(prenominal) economy and g all e rattlingplacenments have a special assume everyplace the iota. shred has an frugal and political importance and is excessively mavin of the major issues while policy autho spread out (Atkin, 1995). Grain in amount means husk, lemon yellow (Maize) etc. Soya bonce is also con positioningred penetrate as categorised in International instill code. Soya bean market will not be considered in this essay. Grain is shipped in general my handy size and leghornx size ships, really rargonly capsize ships argon used. (Atkin, 1995 and Genco Shipping, 2010) in that respect are mainly five dollar bill big players in the iota industry much(prenominal) as Cargill and they history to near three-quarters of the universe of discourse atom shipment (Atkin, 1995). Grain is traditionally exported from America and genus genus Argentina while importing nations are Japan, Middle East nations. Grain alternate routes have changed in recent times because of industrialisation and engine room advancement. The changes in flip-flop routes are because of availability of information from leading exponents and handlers potty forecast the iota toil. near of the secern leading indicators are the Baltic dry index which gives the reflection factor of the incubus rates of commodities (Iron ore, coal, grain) that are shipped around the conception. Another computable indicator for grain is the IGC grain incumbrance index (FAO, 2009). It is similar to BDI but is cypher only for grain cargo. Grain trading information is available on the FAO, Grain council, UNCTAD and USDA websites.Source Noble group, 2010 presage AND ANALYSIS OF perforate MARKETForecasting transferral market is concerned with the futures of the markets as a whole. Forecasting looks at the external environment in which a transferral company operates. The main objective is to examine the valet de chambre grain market and prepare a forecast for the next three months. Overall bring home the bacon and demand factors statistical analysis will be done and how these factors will light upon the freight rate markets will be analysed (Stopford, 1997).Prior to make an analysis it is very important to understand the business stave of conveyance industry. As per Stopford, 1997, p.42 it is a transit by which the market co-ordinates supply with changes in demand by means of familiar cycle of booms and slumps. When forecasting the shipping market notion of business cycle is very important. in that location are four stages of cycle as shown in the diagram (Stopford, 1997). Traders should understand the stages of shipping cycles and accordingly plan their decisions.Stages in Dry Market cargo cycleSource Stopford, 1997Key Indicators Baltic Dry index (BDI) is a key indicator for bulk alternate and is an economic indicator for future trades. The business cycle is analysed by using the BDI. BDI shows for all dry bulk cargoes and for all trade routes. Another key indicator is the Grain Freight advocator (GFI). It takes into consideration only grain cargoes. It is composed of 15 major grain routes, representing the main grade trade combines. Cape size vessels are not included only handy size and panamax vessels are included in the calculation of GFI. (FAO, 2009)Source FAO, 2009CURVE OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN tooshie SHIPPINGShipping industry is a derived demand. There are various factors which affect the shipping markets. The supply demand model explains the various factors which affect the shipping industry. The interpret below shows the supply and demand curves in set out shipping. Demand for shipping grain in short margin is in-e resistic as grain is a basic necessity. But if the monetary value of shipping add-ons because in the longer run the importer looks for alternative options (Volk, 2002). Supply is mainly cogitate to number of ships in the market, and available ships for transporting cargo. Normally in liner trade the supply curve starts off with minimum rate and in severe market qualifys where supply of ships is little than demand the curve rises, but it rest there for a short span (Volk, 2002). Analysis of these supply and demand factors is very essential to understand the shipping market and prepare a forecast.Source (Volk, 2002).The graph shows the relationship between demand and supply in grain trading. Increase in demand during bad market conditions (D1 to D2) does not have influence on freight rate (P1 and P2) as adequate tonnage is available. The subjoin in deman d (D3 to D4) leads to a significant rate increase (P3 to P4) (Volk, 2002).ANALYSIS OF DEMAND SIDE FACTORSThe universe economy The valet de chambre economy plays a very important procedure in influencing the ships demand. There is a very close relationship between countries becoming wealthier and increase in demand for grain transport by sea. whence understanding of the global economy is important to judge the trends in the grain trade. (Stopford, 1997).The world GDP is increasing every course of instruction and as per statistics from IMF in 2008 the world GDP increase by 3.0 % and in 2009 it decreased by -0.8%. In the emergent economies like China 8.7% and India 5.6% GDP emergence is enormous and the countries are developing unfaltering (IMF, 2010). As can be seen from the diagram below, as the countries develops economically the demand for commodities traded by sea increases. It is a cyclic process where the increase in seaborne trade helps the countries to economic growt h and the world markets grow. More over globalisation has also resulted in growth of seaborne trade. (Stopford, 1997).Source Author generatedChina and India also have a very high state. The capacity of developing countries especially China and India to consume basic foodstuff such as bread have increased. because it has this instant affected the global habit of grain and hence the increase in trade (Atkin, 1995). As countries get wealthier they also tend to change their dietetic recitations. The demand for meat is increasing every year. This is directly affecting the uncivil grain trade (USDA, 2008). Al well-nigh 70% of coarse grain consumption is in the form of animal feed (Atkin, 1995).Seaborne commodity trades Grain accounts to about 7% of the world seaborne trade as per Clarksons (2008 cited in Scott, 2010). Grain trade is driven by production and consumption trends in different areas of the world, by the local anesthetic survive conditions and crop yields and changing pattern of food consumption. Grain is also used for making bread or pasta or feed to animals to produce meat (ICS, 2004). Grain is prominent very widely around the world. In the northern hemisphere there is regular army, Canada European union and in the southern hemisphere there is Argentina and Australia. Hence harvests are crops reach seaborne trade throughout the year (Genco Shipping, 2010). Most of the grain grown in China and India is used for local consumption and hence it does not affect the seaborne trade. Countries like USA produce grain for merchandise stock up the grain in SILOS which also helps the grain trade to flow throughout the year (Atkin, 1995 and IGC, 2010). creations grain trade has increased over the eld, as per stream data the trade has increased from 215 one million million million dozens in 2005/06 to 239 million haemorrhoid in 2007/08 (FAO, 2009).Source Clarkson 2008 cited in Scott 2010.There are lenifyal variations cod to climatical conditions a nd difference in productivity of soil (Atkin, 1995). Seaborne grain trade is also affected by natural calamities, earthquakes such as one in Haiti in 2010. Other Factors such as a drouth or flood in China whitethorn force the rural area in the one or other year to import grain from the USA (Volk, 2002). Over the years the grain production is associated with instability in production. This is result of extensive spread of high yield seeds and cultivation technology. This has resulted in farmers in different regions are exposed to similar problems like fertiliser equipment casualtys, crop disease (Atkin, 1995).The seaborne trade of grain also depends upon which startle of the world is substantially harvest of which type and quality of grain (Atkin, 1995). volume of the produced grain crop is used for domestic consumption as is the sequel with India and China. Countries such as USA and Australia produce grain only for exporting (Atkin, 1995). As per statistics from IGC total grai n production for year 07/08 was 1697 million tons out of which only 239 million tons was traded in the world market (FAO, 2009).Grain statistics is calcu later(a)d for the crop year starting from June every year. Hence the data available for forecasting will be only gutter June 2010 because of the harvest season. (Scott, 2010) As grain production depends upon so many factors it is elusive to get an outlook in future because of the current outgrowth season in the northern hemisphere which is influential in forecasting of grain. International grain council publishes its grain forecast only afterward June every year (Scott, 2010).Average embroil Demand for sea transport is directly cogitate to distance over which the cargo is shipped. Sea transport demand is measurable in tonne mile.Ton mile = Tonnage of cargo shipped x Average distance over which it is transportedSource UNCTAD, 2009, p.30As seen from the above table the world seaborne trade for grain in ton-mile has increased o ver the years from 475 billion ton-mile in 1970 to 2,029 billion ton-mile in 2008. The average haul for grain has increased over the years which are directly affecting the demand for ships (Platou, 2010). Transport of grains and soybeans were also longer in 2009, mainly collect to increased Asian sourcing from Atlantic exporters. (Platou, 2010, p.22).Political events and Agricultural policies Political events indirectly affect the demand for transport of grain cargoes. The impacts of wars will affect the trade for a short term. Political embargo such as, The grain embargo, introduced by the United States on the USSR after the invasion of Afghanistan, clipd Russian grain supplies by about six million tonnes in 1979/80. This affected a change in the grain trade as Russia had to buy grain from other nations such as Canada, Australia and EU (Tarrant, 2002).Agricultural policies in countries also affect the world grain market. Policies do directly affect the production of grain and it also protects the farmers from the world market conditions (ATkin,1995). India had imposed a grain export ban because it wanted to use the produced grain for its internal market. India which is the min largest producer of shuck is now planning to lift the ban on exports because this year pale yellow output is acquittance to be more than compulsory for local consumption. Hence in the interest of the country India will go around its grain markets to the world. (Hellenic shipping brand- spic-and-spans, 2010).Key players in grain trade There are five major international grain trading companies. These players account to three-quarters of the grain shipped internationally. Hence these companies have the power to manage the physical flow of grain from farmer to consumer (Atkin, 1995). The shipping part of grain is very intricate and is also very risky. Grain is traded extremely widely and hence informational cyberspace need to operate on a global scale. The big grain companies hav e information systems which provide them information from every country. Their agents are fit(p) in every significant grain producing, exporting, and importing nation, monitoring the weather, economic trends, crop conditions and political development. Hence the economics of scale deter new entrant from entering into the grain market. Hence these big companies can be influential in affecting the markets (Atkin, 1995).ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY SIDE FACTORSThe supply side factors mainly consist of the ships which are available and operating in the market. The supply of ships is mainly controlled by four decision makers, Ship owners, undertakeers, bankers and various regulatory authorities which make rules. The supply of shipping capacity depends upon the judgment made by these players. To understand this first we will discuss the supply side factors and how they are influence by the freight rates.World slide by Historically grain cargo is carried onboard general cargo ships. By the late 1 950s bulk crew cut waves appeared into the shipping market. Eventually there where ships create which could pass grain cargo. These ships construction was such that they had self trimming holds which would make them safer to stockpile grain in bulk. The use of large bulk carriers was instrumental in growth of bulk trade. For grain transportation handy max and panama ships are normally used, but on some occasions curtain size bulk carriers are also used (Stopford, 1997). There has been rapid change in the size of the bulk clear and with new technology and designs such as self un-loaders coming up investors have to make complex decision when ordering new ships. As can be seen from the table the bulk merchant exit has grown from 276 m dwt in 2000 to 418 million dwt in 2009 (UNCATAD, 2009). The panamax ships have increased from 65.4 m dwt in 1999 to 121.1 m dwt in 2009 while the handy max market has increased from 45.3 m dwt in 1999 to 91.9 m dwt in 2009. (Clarksons, 2010 cited in Scott, 2010)Source (Lloyds Register Fairplay cited in UNCTAD, 2009)Fleet productivity Fleet productivity is calculated to understand the condition of the current markets. The fleets operating performance changes in response to market conditions such as E.g. If market is favourable then a grain carrier ship after completing its loaded voyage can escape cargo during its return voyages. This will increase the productivity of ships. As can be seen from the graph below the ton-mile per deadweight of the bulk fleet has not changed over the past couple of years. This is mainly because of good market conditions in the last three years.Source UNCTAD, 2009, p.94Ship building production bracing ships added into the fleet plays an important part in the supply and demand markets. This helps to level out the demand or it can also cause flood of ships. New ships added into the market do not create a short term center but it is a long term effect. For ships to be built and to deliver time taken is as much as from 6months to 4years. Hence orders for ships are placed as per the estimate demand for cargo. During the bulk carrier building boom in mid-1980s bulk carriers had developed a paramount role in shipbuilding, which resulted in overproduction and surplus of ships. The dry-bulk market new building market has been comparatively stable as compared to the tanker markets (Stopford, 1997). The graph below shows the delivery of new build ships over the years has increased and was at its peak in 2007 and 2008 when the market was halcyon. This also shows that investors can be driven by market sentiments and buy ships in the current booming market at sky high prices and fail to understand that ships will be delivered after 2 to 3 years time.Source UNCTAD, 2009.Scrapping The fleet size also depends upon scrapping and loss of ships. Scrapping also balances the size of fleet in the market. Scrapping of ships is mainly depended upon the market conditions and also factors suc h as age, scarp prices, current earnings of ships, and change in regulations (Stopford, 1997). Scrapping of ships is normally a decision made in interest of the business. The futures market is also taken into consideration when making such decision (UNCTAD, 2009). As seen from table below percentage of scrapping of ships was very little in the booming period from year 2005 to 2008 as compared to years 2000 to 2004. This clearly shows that scrapping is mainly decided according to market conditions.Source UNCTAD, 2009. * Vessels over 10000 dwtFreight rates Freight rates influence the supply of sea transport. The shipping business depends upon freight rates and it is the ultimate market regulator. (Stopford, 1997) In grain trading freight rate plays an important role in the marketing chain of grain market. Grain is a colossal and low value commodity, hence transportation embodys account for a substantial part of the price of grain. The ocean freight rates for grain are variable and volatile. They are not co related with the price of grain. This is mainly because grain prices cycles are mainly driven by weather conditions, agricultural policy and general economic development (Atkin, 1995). While freight rates are derived by market conditions, supply and demand factors. wholeness of the main factors of grain market is unlike other cargoes where geographical regions are defined grain imports are done by a throw away of countries with varying capacity. Hence grain markets are mainly spot charter markets, where freight rates are fixed on spot. Normally in grain trading tramp steamers are hired on a voyage charter basis. Freight rates are determined by the overall balance in supply/demand of vessels and cargo (Atkin, 1995).FORECASTING OF GRAIN TRADEWorld economy The worlds GDP as per statistics from IMF shows 3.9% increase for the year 2010 (Clarksons, 2010 cited in Scott, 2010). This is more due to the growth in emerging economies which is judge to rise by 6 pe rcent. Advanced economies are expected to rise by 2% in 2010. Due to strength in demand from emerging economies commodity prices are expected to rise a bit (IMF, 2010).Global Population is going to grow at an false average of about 1.1 percent per year. Population in developing countries are going to increase more than the population in the developed countries. With fast industrialisation and urbanisation of developing countries and increase in young population in developing countries the demand for grain is going to see and upward(a) trend (ERSUSDA, 2008).Seaborne commodity trade Grain production will be mainly dominated by USA followed by Argentina which is the second largest and then Canada and Australia. The world main grain exporters and importers are shown in the graphs below. Exports of grain will be dominated by USA where as Imports will be mainly from the Asia/Pacific region followed by Latin America Africa and Middle East (Genco Shipping 2010 IGC, 2010). As per Internati onal grain council for the crop year 2009/10 wheat and coarse grain trade whitethorn pass off by 17.6 million tonnes or 7% to 230.8 million tons (Scott, 2010).Source IGC, 2010Source IGC, 2010Source IGC, 2010Wheat and Corn (Maize) are the major grains which are traded in the global market and they account for almost 89% of the world grain trade (IGC, 2010).Wheat and Coarse grain outlookWheat crop production has touched a take vote out high in Russia, Algeria and Australia. Also world wheat stocks in the five major exporting nations have forecasted an eight year high. As per estimates wheat imports will be reduced due to good harvest in importing countries such as Middle East and North Africa (Scott, 2010).Worlds maize harvest will remain unchanged for the year 2009/10. The projected corn trade for 2009/10 (October-September) is at 84.9 million tons which is lot land than 2007/08 which is 101 million tons. Imports by Vietnam and China are increased middling but it is not going t o affect much in the world trade (USDA, 2010). The corn trade is going to increase because of more shipments to Canada, brazil nut and Syria. Exports from Argentina and brazil nut are going to increase due to good harvest. This is going to affect the USA corn exports which will be less this year (IGC, 2010). Moreover USA is using corn for industrial part to produce ethanol which will also have an impact on its corn exports (USDA, 2010).Grain imports into Asia (Excluding Japan) are also expected to be pretty pull down in 2009/10 by 2%. Pakistans imports may fall by almost 87% as compared to last year due to good domestic harvest (Scott, 2010). European Union imports will also be down by 20% because of good domestic crop availability. Middle East imports are also expected to be lower by almost 19% (Scott, 2010).Japan imports over the years are showing a downward trend which will continue for the rest part of the year. South Koreas wheat and coarse grain imports may be 9% higher as there is increase in demand for feed grain (Scott, 2010).Overall wheat and coarse grain trading is going to see a surrender till the end of June 2010. This effect is mainly because of less demand for wheat in the market.As per Scott (2010) global seaborne trade for grain will pick up from Mid-2010 onwards. internal crop in the northern hemisphere is the key influencing factors, because of the current growing season it is very difficult to forecast grain trade after June 2010.Policy effects Due to advance food prices of grain over the years some countries have adopted protective policies to support their local farmers and their consumers. Some exporting countries have made restrictions on export of grain to support their internal market. Argentina, Russia and Kazakhstan have imposed value on grain especially wheat and corn exports. China went a step elevate they eliminated the subsidy which was given for grain exports and have levy a tax for grain exports. Argentina and Ukraine have established quantity restrictions on wheat exports.As export countries have taken protective measures to reduce rising grain prices in 2008, importing countries have also taken measures to reduce grain prices. Countries such as Indonesia and Serbia have reduced their import tariffs on wheat imports. This decrease in export quantity by countries and import countries subsidising tax on imports will create a surge in demand in grain market. But rising fuel cost for shipping grain will increase the price of grain (USDA, 2008).World fleet As per Clarksons the worlds fleet is going to increase by 11.4 % in 2010 as compared to the last year. The handy max market is going to increase by 14.2% in 2010 from precious year and the panama market is going to increase by 7.59% in 2010. (Clarksons 2010 cited in Scott, 2010) This is going to create and englut of ships in the market. Due to the large number of ships in the new building order books, but low freight rates and demand for ships it is acquiring increasing difficult to project the growth of fleet ahead (Platou, 2010). expression congestion is not likely to affect the grain market in the current economic conditions.Source Platou report, 2010As seen from the graph the oversupply of ships and move demand is affecting the utilization rate of bulk carriers. As most of the grain trading is done in the spot market the oversupply of ships is going to affect the freight rates (Singh, 2009). The handy size market will not be affected by much because the growth of handy size is limited. The number of Handy size ships built in 2010 will be higher but that is likely to be equalizer by scrapping of ships (Clarksons 2010 cited in Scott, 2010). Ship Owners are also converting single take away tankers to bulk carriers because of changes in regulations in tanker markets. This is also going to increase number of ships in the market (Scott, 2010).Shipbuilding As per Clarksons new ships fall in the world fleet are going to in crease the fleet by almost 61.9 million dwt by 2010. This is a very significant rise in deadweight to the world fleet (Clarksons cited in Scott, 2010). The ships whose delivery was delayed in 2009 are also going to hit the shores by 2010. Hence that may also result in rise of tonnage (Fairplay, 2010) As per estimates the new building which has been ordered have to be cut back by 40% so that the supply will balance the demand side by 2012 (Platou, 2010).Scrapping As per Clarksons (2010) cited in Scott (2010) an estimated on 11 million dwt tons of ships will be scrapped in the year 2010. But scrapping of ships is mainly a function of earnings hence it will mostly depend upon the freight rates earned by ships (Platou 2010). In the handy size market in 2009 5.3 million tons was scarped and this trend is going to follow in 2010. (Scott, 2010).CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATIONSThe grain trade is going to experience a decline in the crop year 2009/10. This decline is mainly because of good wheat h arvest in most parts of the world, coarse grain trade will be following previous trends. In addition to good harvest the surplus of ships in the market is going to lower down the freight prices in the grain spot markers. Rising fuel prices may have an effect on freight rates which may touch off the cheap freights offered by ships. In the near future grain trade routes will remain the same. The production of ethanol from corn will affect the grain exports from USA, but good harvest in Argentina and Brazil will nullify the effect.The world wheat production has a current surplus in the market which will lower down the price of wheat. Hence it is likely that in spite of surplus wheat and less demand from importing countries, importing countries may take advantage of low prices and will import more wheat and increase their wheat stock.

Six Sigma Lean Production Systems

sextette Sigma execute action trunksNowadays, the development of industrial pump intrinsic technologies is much and more important due to the ever-changing competition in the global market. Companies have to redeem and continuously raise their intrinsic technologies in the professional field to gain the live onable free-enterprise(a) advantage. However, they withal have to continuously upgrade their trouble technologies, and keep naked to the latest issues as well as their integration with familiaritys topical system. Otherwise, they still commodenot survive in the market even though their intrinsic technologies argon advanced.No matter how the anxiety technologies be developed, they mustiness emphasize their contri providedion to business instruction execution, customer satisfaction and continuous return of the crops or proceedss. Moreover, the integration of different systems is an important issue today and tomorrow.This search will focus on 6 Sigma? and magnetic inclination return System? to discuss their integration based on the background and thoughts menti integrityd above. Six Sigma is one of the most popular quality initiatives recently. Lean occupation System is the public noted asideput system developed and practiced by Toyota nomadic companion for a long time. It based on two concepts Just-In-Time? and Jidohka?. both are based on the variation in thinking in order to improve business butt against, enhance quality, crossingion and competitive position. Besides, the integration of them is viewed as a new trend in the next management wave.Moreover, regarding the attention characteristics, usefulness industry is quite different from manufacturing industry. Even though there are more wastes and avail opportunities, the application of Six Sigma, Lean occupation System or their integration in gain industry is quite few neither in literatures nor practice.This investigate proposes the Lean Six Sigma integration hom unculus based on the look for gap and the applicatory need, and then adapt it for inspection and repair industry. The model is named as Lean Six Sigma for Service (LS3)? in this research. It balances the view orchestrates of internal and external customers, and gives consideration to the Lean look sharp as well as Six Sigma high quality. Also, this research tries to endure to the enhancement of management technologies.2. LITERATURES REVIEW2.1. Introduction to Six SigmaSix Sigma is the major(ip) focus of m some(prenominal) companies for its powerful breakthrough instruction execution shewd in GE, Motorola etcetera recently. Six Sigma fag help companies to reduce cost, increase profits, keep current customers and create new customers. In brief, Six Sigma is a methodological analysis to reduce the variation of e really plow and their interfaces to achieve a very high quality take.In statistical theory, six sigma is an ideal prey nurse, and show as 6. It means when the pr ocess or overlap we observed under a normal distribution, the probability of a unique(predicate) attribute value shifts from the mean about positive or electronegative six standard deviation would be 0.002 part per billion (ppm). Motorola p go down along found a phenomenon that the process mean would shift around the reduce point of specifications in a long-term processing, and the shifting range would be about positive or negative 1.5 standard deviations from the center point of specifications.thusly, Motorola comp whatsoever modified the statistical meaning of six sigma. The definition fag allow the sample mean shifts from the center of the population, and the observed process or product would out lie the six sigma limits only 3.4 times per million operations under the original specifications. In addition, the sigma performance can similarly be express by Defect Per Million Operations (DPMO)? shown as Table 1.Table 1. DPMO and Sigma PerformanceYieldDPMOShift from Mean cust omary Age6.68 %933200 030.9 %690000 169.2 %308000 21970s93.3 %66800 3eighties99.4 %6210 4Early 1990s99.98 %320 5Mid 1990s99.9997 %3.4 62000sSix Sigma means the world leading quality aim. More and more companies understand to use Six Sigma to improve the process quality so as to achieve the business dramatic performance. This is because Six Sigma requires the quantitative measurements and analyses of the core business processes as well as suppliers involved processes.Originally, Six Sigma methodology is applied to manufacturing industries. However, the applications of Six Sigma are no longer be expressage in manufacturing processes today. Keim (2001) demonstrated Six Sigma is very suitable to improve the service performance by two real cases. Paul (2001) pointed that the recent trends in Six Sigma are emphasis on cycle time reduction, little business deployment, and integration with other initiatives.As the Six Sigma market grows, so does the availability of organizations to assist in deployment and integration. This availability of technical expertise allows smaller businesses realistically consider Six Sigma deployment with minimal economic investment. Besides, due to the telephone exchange concern of Six Sigma is to pursue the customer satisfaction and business performance, we can view Six Sigma a main structure while desegregation with other initiatives. As for the integrating initiatives such as Lean Production System, Total Quality Management or Quality Costs etc. depend on the different requirements of each company.2.2. Introduction to Lean Production SystemLean Production System (also called Toyota Production System) is the world famous production system developed and practiced by Toyota mobile company for a long time. It based on two concepts Just-In-Time? and Jidohka?. This kind of production system is very on the table to the dynamic change of market demands, and Lean Production System is established by many small stem advantage activities t o eliminate all kinds of wastes in the business.An important literature written by Spear and Bowen (1999) published in Harvard Business Review pointed that, the Toyota Production System and the scientific method that underpins it were not imposed on Toyota they were not even chosen consciously. The system grew naturally out of the workings of the company over five decades. As a result, it has never been written down, and Toyotas workers often are not able to articulate it. Thats why its so hard for outsiders to grasp. In the article, Spear and Bowen attempted to lay out how Toyotas system works. They tried to make explicit what is implicit. Finally, they depict four principles three rules of design, which show how Toyota sets up all its operations as experiments, and one rule of improvement, which describes how Toyota teaches the scientific method to workers at every level of the organization. It is these rules and not the specific practices and tools that people observe during their plant visits that in their credit form the essence of Toyotas system. Hence the two authors called the rules as the desoxyribonucleic acid of the Toyota Production System.These rules guided the design, operation, and improvement of every activity, tie-up, and path mien for every product and service. The rules are as followsRule 1 every last(predicate) work shall be highly specified as to content, sequence, timing, and outcome.Rule 2 Every customer-supplier connection must be direct, and there must be an unambiguous yes-or-no way to send requests and receive responses.Rule 3 The pathway for every product and service must be simple and direct.Rule 4 each improvement must be made in accordance with the scientific method, under the guidance of a teacher, at the lowest possible level in the organization.All the rules require that activities, connections, and flow paths have built-in tests to house troubles automatically. It is the continual response to problems that makes th is seemingly rigid system so flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances.2.3. Four Characteristics of Service IndustryRecently, due to the economic and international trading environmental change, the structures of many companies are also changed. The step-up of service industries rapidly chases the growth of manufacturing industries. Especially for the current situation in Taiwan, many factories are moving to mainland China. Hence, the needs for service industries to fill in the space of economic activities become very huge. Thats why service industries con an important role in the economic development recently.This research concludes the four characteristics of service industries based on the literatures written by Kotler (1997), Regan (1963) and Zeithmal, Parasur cull (1985) as followsIntangibility It means that services can be consumed and perceived, but they cannot easy to be objective measured like the manufactured products. Thats why there is usually a perception gap mingled with the service provider and consumer.Variability It means that services are delivered by people, so the service quality may change depending on different time, people and consumer perception. That is, the variability of services.Perishability Unlike the tangible manufactured products, services cannot be inventoried. They are delivered simultaneously while the demands from consumers appear. Once the demands disappear, the services perish.Inseparability Since the delivery and utilization of services almost be done simultaneously. Hence the interactions between servers and consumers play an important role on the evaluation of service quality. Consumers evaluate the service quality on the moment of consuming the service. That is, the inseparability of services.3. MODEL CONSTRUCTIONThis research proposes an integration model of Six Sigma and Lean Production System for service industry called as Lean Six Sigma for Service (LS3)?. In practice, the archetypal stage is to Lead? t he process improvement advise by audition the express of Customer (VOC)?. The project identification and its scope must be clarified so as to serve the customers more efficiently and heartively by the improvement.The Lead? stage provides the project team a well-defined scope of the problem they are faced. Hence the major mission of the look at? stage is to measure the current status or level by quantitative data, and then to analyze how the problem affects the process. By the collection of Voice of play (VOP)?, the project team can try to converge the problem and begin to find out its root causes.Moreover, no matter what the process indicators are, the project team has to well define them first, and to explain the purpose as well as the use of each indicator. Most important of all, the performance indicators definition and their evaluation methods must be withstandd and confirmed by the people involved. Its very important to detail record the performance levels and action r esults for the further enhancement of service processes.After studying and analyzing the current status of the service process targeted, the third stage is to draw up problem solving countermeasures. The countermeasures must be transformed to the Voice of waiter (VOS)? so as to Smooth? the consentaneous service process. It is hoped to reduce the defects and upper berth up the service delivery by the verification of performance indicators. Therefore, the project team will propose some education and training plans for the glide path countermeasures conduction.The project team can measure if the project target achieved or not by the proposed countermeasures so as to continuously monitor and entertain the better results. At this time, the project team has to Sustain? the operating stableness of the service process. Therefore, the purpose of this stage is to confirm the result, the effectiveness of the countermeasures and if there is any side effect. Once these things are confirmed feasible, the project team can view the knowledge and experiences as the base of knowledge management and technology accumulation. Finally, the knowledge and experiences must be diffused and deployed throughout the organization so as to be the Voice of Business (VOB)?.The LS3 operating model proposed by this research shown as followsFigure 1. Structure of Implementing LS3The key points and tools of implementing LS3 are reason out by this research and shown as Table 2. Moreover, the tools of LS3 are also shown as Figure 2.Table 2. Key Points and Tools of Implementing LS3LS3ActivitiesToolsLeadLead the process improvement projects by hearing the voice of customer (VOC)Identify the process improvement projectDefine the project performance indicatorsSelect the project team membersAccomplish the project charter and job assignmentsMarket survey digest charterAnnual police deploymentQuality function deploymentValue drift analysisStudyStudy and analyze the current status of targeted proce ss to get the voice of process (VOP)Observe the actual process, and measure the baselineAnalyze the collected data to understand the present situation patronize the problem and critical-to-qualityProcess mappingMeasurement system analysis achievement and time studyMulti-vari analysisCause and effect matrixProcess capability analysisTime value analysisSmooth appoint the countermeasures, and transform them into the voice of server (VOS) to smooth the service process pass away up the improvement countermeasuresImplement the countermeasures to accelerate the service delivery bear the results by performance indicators5SOperation balancingRapid operation transpositionVisual managementEliminate, combine, rearrangement, simplifyProcess reengineeringFailure mode and effect analysisSustainSustain and control the project results, and spread out the organization to be the Voice of Business (VOB)Standardize the effective countermeasures to sustain the resultsContinuous control the improvement levelDesign the job value of employees in the service processKnowledge diffusion and application bear chartCheck listProcess standardizationError proofing knowledge and trainingFigure 2. Tools of Implementing LS34. CONCLUSIONDue to the limitation of practical resources, the LS3 model demonstration by a real case could not be included in this research. Therefore, this research used the questionnaire survey to verify the theoretical logic and feasibility of LS3 structure. We interviewed several Lean Production and Six Sigma experts and consultants, and we prognosticate to provide a base of verification by their experiences and knowledge. Finally, we conclude the agreements and suggestions of the experts as followsAll the experts and consultants agreed the theoretical structure of the proposed model by this research, and show the very much agree? level on the logic, implementing steps and their contents.All the experts and consultants expressed the very agree? level on the proposed model with PDCA management cycle.All the experts and consultants expressed at least the agree? level on the seaworthiness for use of the proposed tools. Some experts considered that the names of some tools originally be applied in manufacturing industry should be changed to be well mute in service industry. In addition, all the experts and consultants considered that the tools mostly applied in manufacturing industry should also be applied to service industry. This is because there are huge demands and expectations of these tools in service industry based on their experiences and observations. Hence they deeply agreed the proposed model by this research contains the tools for reference.All the experts and consultants expressed the very agree? level on the proposed model really coordinated the principles of Six Sigma and Lean Production System. Some experts suggested we could emphasize the principles of Lean Production System a little more.All the experts and consultants expressed the very agree? level on the feasibility of applying this model to the service industry.All the experts and consultants expressed the very agree? level on the practical value of this proposed model, and they also expressed that they will refer the structure to demonstrate it if there is any suitable opportunity in the near future.Therefore, we conclude the agreements and suggestions by the experts as follows all the experts agreed the proposed model by this research on the whole structure, implementing steps and tools planned. They also expressed the practical value and operational feasibility of this model is very high. Moreover, all the experts agreed this model on the fitness for use in the service industry, and they will refer this model to demonstrate it when there is any opportunity in the near future.

The Goals Of Positive Youth Development Young People Essay

The Goals Of corroborative juvenility schooling Young bulk act decreed Youth emergence focus on building or promoting imperious qualities in adolescents and focus on adolescents evolution in a affable context, including the family, school and/or partnership (Catalano et al., 2002) . It suggests that good flavour depose be encouraged by identifying individual strengths of character and fostering them (Seligman. 2002). incontrovertible young person increment goal is to build and strengthen personal qualities that modify adolescents to grow and flourish doneout support (Park, 2004). substantiating younkerfulness outgrowth suggests that by focusing on adolescents strengths, the impact of negative adventure factors lead be reduced (Thornberry, 1995). concentrate on adolescents strengths in multiple domains, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as family, school, and biotic community, is what is particularly important in buffering adolescents from the effects of risk fact ors (Thornberry, 1995). affirmative offspring development sets the main guidelines as to how we potful best fend for adolescents healthy development. Lerner (2005) states that Positive young development out keep an eye ons keep be determine as the Five C Competence (academic, social, vocational skills), Self-Confidence, Connectedness (healthy affinity to community, friends, family), Character (integrity, moral commitment), Caring and Compassion (Lerner at al., 2005). Positive youth development focuses on the adolescents compulsive outcomes rather than negative outcomes (Catalano et al., 2002).The positive youth development arise aims to provide the maximum impact on the life-path of adolescents (Catalano et al., 2002). Youth development suggests extensive-term outcomes. Adolescents who consistently experience healthy attitudes and clear expectations for positive behaviour within their families, schools, and communities are less(prenominal) likely to become compound in ris ky behaviours, especially if they encounter developed strong bonds to the individuals and social groups within these settings (Garmezy, 1971). Adolescents fix to experience and embrace the newly acquired skills and positive relationships over a long period of time to be telling. Positive youth development strategies have to accompany adolescents throughout their growing up years. bandage short term positive outcomes are important and should be reinforced on, Positive youth development suggests positive long term outcomes.(Park, 2004).The Positive Youth phylogeny focuses on building on the adolescents strengths, talents and interests encouraging health as much as on remedying deficits. Youth development strategies signal all adolescents. It suggests that creating supportive and enriching environments for all adolescents will lead to positive outcomes as well as reduced negative outcomes (Lerner, 2004).The Positive Youth Development perspective stemmed from the twist of comp arative psychologists who had been contemplateing the plasticity of developmental modes that emerged from the fusion of biological and contextual levels of organisation (Benson et al., 2006). The work of Garmezys (1983) ideas about the defensible child, which suggests that adolescents cling toive factors can reduce the impact of risk factors, followed by Werners (1982) work on resiliency were the cornerstone for the positive youth developmental approach (Damon, 2004). In 1997 Benson focused on the developmental assets, idea, which explains the adolescents positive characteristics in bloodline to the incapacities of adolescents. The exploration of adolescence by developmental scientists interested in developmental systems guess resulted in the elaboration of the Positive Youth Development perspective (Benson et al., 2006).The Positive Development Perspective Versus the Deficit ViewThe exploration of a strength- base ideal promotes the concept of positive human development (Lern er, 2004). Since the founding of the scientific study of adolescent development (Hall, 1904), the predominant conceptual frame for the study of adolescence has been one of stripe and elimination of risk factors that make adolescents and youth un entertained to maladaptive behaviours ( Benson et al., 2006).The goal of Positive Youth Development is not unless restricted to surviving in the face of adversity but actually growing throughout life (Lerner, 2007). Interventions targeting but if one single task have come under criticism. Broad found interventions can thence have broad effects. Thus programs that promote wellness and building strengths such as character strength among youth and sustain it across the life span may pay much great dividends, not only preventing in the short run disorders but also building the long run moral, healthy, and well developed people who can over come challenges in life and enjoy the good life (Albee 1996 Cowen 1994,1998 Durlak 1997Elias 1999 5) Catalano, Berglund, Ryan, Lonczak, and Hawkins (1999) noted that puzzle behaviours are tracked to a greater extent often than positive ones and, while an change magnitude number of positive youth development interventions are choosing to measure both, this is unflustered far from being the standard in the field.The Positive Youth Development approach suggests that adolescents are resources to be developed, and not as occupations to be managed (Roth Brooks-Gunn, 2003a,b). It builds on the idea of resilience and protective factors suggesting that adolescents have the personal strength and resilience to help them avoid problems such as alcohol, drugs, and school violence (Luthar, Cicchetti, Curtis, 2000). People are pleased when intervention programs reduce the rates of drug aversion or teenage crime. However there are few positive indicators to which people may point to reflect the desirable, healthy, and valued behaviours among their children and adolescents (Lerner, 2004).R eplacing the deficit view of adolescence, the PYD model regards adolescents as having strengths. The PYD model suggests that adjoins in well-being and prospering are possible for young adolescence through aligning the strengths of adolescents with developmental assets expose in their social and physical ecology (Lerner, 2005). Earlier prevention programs only focused on the reduction of the influence of well-established risk factors for the development of problem behaviours. The health and well-being of adolescents require as much attention to promoting developmental strengths as to directly combating risk, environmental threats, and social dysfunctions that obstruct human development (Benson, 2006). These two approaches ought to be complementary and in balance.Positive Youth Development Enhances the Well Being of Young PeoplePositive Youth development program strive to build strengths, competence, and positive qualities in children (Catalano et al., 2002). Earlier prevention pro grams only focused on the reduction of the influence of well- established risk factors for the development of problem behaviours. The Positive Youth Development approach focuses on lowering the impact of developmental risks and increasing the influence of protective factors. tutelary factors are targeted by prevention strategies aimed at influencing a wide pad of different problem behaviour being developed ( Jessor, 1995). School based substance prevention programs can be effective in trim down consumption rates of substance during adolescences (Tobler et al., 2000). Such programs employ interactive article of faith methods, thus providing contact and communication opportunities amid students, encouraging refusal skills, allowing feedback to be authorized in a non-threatening humor, and enabling students to practice acquired skills. Along with the interactive apprize approach, PYD prevention programs promote resistance, assertiveness, communication, and problem solving skil ls against social pressure (WHO, 1997). The characteristics for effective prevention programs against adolescent substance misuse can best be reflected in life skills programs implemented within school or community setting ( Tobler Stratton, 1997) The life skill program can help adolescents throughEnhancing a Sense of Personal SafetyAdolescents carry to have a sense impression of physical and emotional security, they learn to feel that adults will protect them from any emotional or physical harm. It is important for adolescents to feel less apprehensive of negative outcomes when break awaying to achieve certain goals, thus adolescents need to be encouraged to defend positive risksYouth at a program feel as though the adults there will protect them from any physicalharm. Young people who are encouraged to take positive risks without negative consequences for their mistakes become less fearful of failure and more likely to pursue stretch goals, objectives they might once have jilted as out of their reach (Seligman, 2002).Encouraging Relationship BuildingAdolescents need many supportive relationships to help them navigate their adolescence. They need guidance from adults as well as emotional and practical support from their peers. Research has place these adult-child and peer relationships as the key to helping young people chastise the obstacles of adolescence and adolescence relationships (Lerner, 2004).Fostering Meaningful Youth ParticipationSimple participation is not enough to promote positive youth development youth essential have an active role in shaping the program. They must have the opportunity to practice and develop leadership skills by planning projects, initiatives, and activities (ODonnell et al., 1995).Giving youth a meaningful role in the program will rise their sense of belonging to the program, fostering deeper relationships with the adult staff and other youth participants (Park, 2004).Providing Opportunities for Community Involvem entYoung people are often hanging for a sense of purpose. Creating opportunities for young people to become involved in the community, and for community members to interact with youth, is a powerful way to foster this sense of purpose (Larson, 2000). It is also a successful and innovative way of forward community change.Life skills programs encourage a mutualism relationship between the youth of a community and the community as a whole. By engaging in dialogue and action together, youth can learn more about the community in which they live, giving them greater repute for it, and preparing them to become active and responsible citizens within it. At the same time, the community can overcome negative stereotypes about the young, and gain a greater understanding of the assets of the youth who live there.Positive Youth Development in relation to working with adolescents.PYD perspective presents a real shift in thinking of how we provide services for young people. It suggests that mot ivation results from using reinforcers effectively. Focusing on adolescents character strength and nurturing positive skills can actually increase intrinsic motivation and increases adolescents sense of autonomy, achievement, and the understanding of why we succeed and fail (Benson, 2006). Positive Youth development challenges communities to take a new look at its resources and how they can be used to support young people.Positive Youth Development perspective helps adolescents take responsibilities for their own learning by setting and monitoring goals, using positive personal skills, and employing effective strategies. In addition, teacher characteristics including personal teaching efficacy, modelling, caring, and high expectations together with classroom climate and instructional variables to enhance motivation.Motivation is increased when adolescents work in a safe and orderly environment, experience success, understand tasks and the reasons from them, and experience optimal ch allenge, Instructors can increase adolescents motivation by preparing attractive activities and tasks, involving the adolescents, personalising content, and providing informative feedback.Life is abundant of different stresses and risks. Neither society nor parents can completely protect children from them, it is the children who themselves have to meet these challenges (Lerner, 2000). However we can prepare them to overcome adversities in life and further more to thrive. By identifying important developmental strengths such as character strengths and life satisfaction by facilitating their development, and by strengthening and maintaining them, we can help youth achieve the healthy, happy, and good lives that they all deserve (Benson, 2006).

Changes to Britains Landscape

Changes to Britains LandscapeThe past few decades hand witnessed an explosion of concern about the ways in which the countryside is changing in Britain. This burgeoning of interest seems to revolve around one main set of issues relating to mental imagery affair and management and to issues about the conservation of the earthy environment and landscape. This set up be seen in the Ho utilization of Lords report (1990 7) on the future of sylvan society, recognising that, era historic all(prenominal)y, bucolic communities realise been based on the exploitation of the natural resources of the countryside , now priorities have changed. Therefore, this essay aims to investigate the changes that have occurred in the British landscape since the post-war period, the reasons for these changes, and the likely future trajectory of change and policy implications. This pull up stakes be done by looking at cultivation, migration and touristry as factors of environmental change in the Bri tish countryside.The many changes in agriculture since 1945 can be aptly described as revolutionary in that farming at the beginning of the twenty-first century is a vastly different proposition than at the beginning of the twentieth century. A teddy covering all farming systems has been effected through the interaction of many factors. The overwhelming commitment of government to aid and subsidise agriculture has been vital in helping to stabilise the industry. The growing wealth of the nation as a whole increased demand, especially for luxury foods. There has been a green revolution in which new techniques have supplanted old traditions, with automation becoming commonplace. The decline of the cosmopolitan sylvan labourer has continued to be replaced by fewer skilled workers operating new machinery or functional as a specialist in a particular subdivision of farming. In terms of production, the extent of the revolution can be gauged from much(prenominal) statistics as t he doubling of the wheat yield between 1915/19 and 1965/9, the doubling of milk and egg production between 1935/9 and 1970/4, the overall devil and a half(prenominal) times increase in the subject bea crystallize output between 1937/9 and 1971/3 (Donaldson, 1972), and a four-fold rise in wheat production from the late 1940s to the early 1980s, and a 30 percent increase in the production of beef and pork during the aforementioned(prenominal) period (Soper, 1986).The effects upon the landscape of post-1945 changes in agriculture were described for atomic number 74 Berkshire by Bowers and Cheshire (1983 29 51) who stressed the role played by subsidies gainful to farmers. Their study realm included both clay vale and grouch downlands which were studied by air photographs and ground survey and can be taken as representative of much larger trends occurring nationwide. Between 1947 and 1976 the compass had lost over one-third of its hedges, half its footpaths and tracks and ne arly two-thirds of its ponds. There was a small decline in the area under woodland whilst the tot amount of farmland had decreased slightly as a get out of residential and recreational growth. Within agriculture itself permanent pasture had go by nearly 80 percent, being replaced by cereals and a red-blooded area of oilseed rape. The number of farms in the area fell from 19 in 1947 to 12 in 1981. The great increase in the area under cultivable meant that chalk downland pasture was completely eliminated. This typifies a general trend throughout most of Britain toward a more open, less enwrap countryside, much different from that of the previous centuries, where many of the study landscape types have been altered, with deterioration occurring more widely and to a greater degree than at any other time in modern history (Bowers and Cheshire, 1983 48).The sterling(prenominal) visual change in the landscape was the loss of pasture and its fill-in by cereals being grown in enlarge d fields. This enlargement had been at the expense of hedgerows, of which 55km out of 129km in the study area discussed above had been outside between 1941 and 1981. The loss of hedgerows was identified as being part of a vicious circle (Bowers and Cheshire, 1983 39). Rising rents and land prices promoted intensification, leading to greater use of capital which, in turn, was favoured by subsidies on capital inputs. The subsidies have excessively promoted the use of chemical inputs and mechanisation, producing further intensification and landscape change (e.g. Cox et al., 1986). The arable monoculture that has been the result of this intensification selects few stock-proof barriers and is operated by means of larger machines which need bigger fields. Hence, there has been little incentive to retain hedges, especially as they require maintenance and so would require additional expense to pay for the wasted work required. This degradation of the land stock should be halted and sust ainable agricultural practices implemented through the involvement of farmers in decision making as well as policy implementation.Along with changes in agricultural practices, it is the revitalisation of state growth in agricultural areas that constitutes a key amaze of fundamental changes that are now occurring in the countryside. Forty years agone discussion of rural affairs was dominated by the issue of deuniverse, however, the rural population turnaround identified in the 1970s has become the prevailing pattern of contemporary rural population change. The underbounding of urban areas and local anesthetic metropolitan decentralisation represents most clearly this new post-industrial settlement pattern. The statistical usher marshalled for the UK points to a definite change in population trends affecting enormous rural zones, and this is not just limited to the fringes of larger cities. An analysis has exhibit the large scale of the turnaround in the most rural split of B ritain, which had a population growth rate of 8.9 percentage points above the national average between the 1971 and 1981 Censuses, compared with one 5.5 points below the average in 1951-61 (Champion, 1989). This population growth has taken the form of conversion of old agricultural buildings, nurture of unused farmland and the encroachment of housing onto pristine greenfield sites. The surrounding countryside has besides been changed due to the high level of infrastructure and services which this new population group requires.Another type of usage of rural localities causing major conservation issues is tourism. Rural tourism, which goes hand-in-hand with urban-rural population migration, however, is not a discrete legal action divorced from other forms of leisure activity. Visitors on holiday in rural areas may spend round of their time visiting towns or resorts. This alliance between tourism in rural areas and other places is important, and holds part of the attend to addres sing the problems. The countryside is an important resource for tourism in Britain, attracting a quarter of all domestic holiday nights and a third of all day trips. British people take some 10 million holidays and spend some 45 million nights in the English countryside as well as making over 1,000 million day visits. Up to a half of Englands 20 million overseas visitors likewise visit the countryside while they are in England and place a high value on its attractiveness (Countryside relegation, 1995).With the decline in agricultural employment, many rural areas are looking to tourism to make an even greater contribution in the future. However, as well as bringing social and economic realizes to the countryside, tourism can also brings costs, through intrusive development, traffic congestion, erosion and intervention to wildlife and local people. Such problems are often compacted due to their highly local and seasonal nature.With the problems above outlined, it is clear that the re is a need for a policy of sustainable use of the British countryside, which integrates the problems associated with modern agriculture, tourism and urban-rural migration. The surround Act (HMSO, 1995) has gone some way to mitigating these issues, but there is even so work to be done in the new millennium. The problem of mode change will likely exacerbate an already delicate ecologic situation in some localities, with increased temperatures and reduced rainfalls. There is also the question of whether the encroachment of rural development upon natural resources can be halted, either through regulation of planning laws or the development of sustainable consumption, ecotourism and environmentally friendly technology. These initiatives may be stifled under the ongoing regime of agricultural subsidies and ignorance toward greenfield development which plagues the current system. At all levels, use of rural areas must become sustainable if they are to remain as productive as they hav e been since 1945, while maintaining their ecological integrity for the benefit of future generations.ReferencesBowers, J. K., Cheshire, P. (1983) Agriculture, the countryside and land use, Methuen, London.Champion, A. G. (1989) Counterurbanisation The changing pace and nature of population decentralisation, Edward Arnold, London.Countryside Commission (1995) Sustainable rural tourism, HMSO, London.Cox, G., Lowe, P., Winter, M. (1986) The state of the farmer perspectives on agricultural policy, in Cox, G., Lowe, P., Winter, M. (eds), Agriculture, people and policies, Allen Unwin, London, pp. 1 19.Donaldson, J. G. S. (1972) Farming in Britain Today, Penguin, Harmondsworth.HMSO (1995) The Environment White Paper, HMSO, London. reside of Lords (1990) The future of rural society, HMSO, London.Soper, M.R.H. (1986) British agriculture today, Association of Agriculture, London.

LIVING TO DIE :: essays research papers

Living to handLove is the emblem of eternity it confounds all in all notion of time effaces all memory of a beginning, all fear of an end. Germaine De StaelIn William Shakespeares sonnet 73 That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold, the main foundation of an approaching and inevitable death is applied. Moreover, this theme is being explained to a love one in rove for her to embrace and cherish her love for him epoch he still breathes. Beginning with the head start quatrain, Shakespeare compares his age to that of autumn which stands for his procession of years. Furthermore, in the second quatrain, Shakespeare elaborately compares his ageing to a sunset, which is right onward night, or in Shakespeares case, death. In the final quatrain Shakespeare further compares his demeanor to the life of a fire, which burns bright at the beginning unless eventually dies out and turns to ashes. The point of the final couplet is to have the indorser realize that the entire sonnet is writ ten to his lover in order to symbolize the way that Shakespeare feels that she views him in natural terms. Furthermore it shows the undying temper of love present between them, which cannot die along with his death. In the first quatrain, Shakespeare metaphorically compares himself to a tree in the season of degenerate. The season of fall is symbolic because it represents a transition in time, right after derail and summer when life is full of energy, and right before winter when everything is utter and ceased to be. He goes on to say That time of year thou mayst in me behold when yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang upon those boughs which plump up against the cold"(579). Shakespeare uses conceit to elaborately compare his furtherance of age to the aging tree in the fall. Just as the tree is helpless and unclothed to the elements, Shakespeare is naked and helpless in the hands of time. Furthermore, Shakespeare portrays the fact that his death is inevitable. In the seco nd quatrain, Shakespeare seems to say death comes like night, dark and quiet, like a thief, stealing when we sleep. Moreover, the speaker compares his age to the late twilight, "As after sunset fadeth in the west," and the remaining light is slowly extinguished into the darkness. Meaning, death go out come, without question. The sun setting could also be regarded as the sun passing play to sleep, which plays on the last line of the quatrain, "Deaths second self, which seals upon rest.

Essay on Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man and The Wall

The mechanic in Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man and knock Floyds The Wall Foragers, the people who live in hunter-gatherer societies, have no artisans. It is only when edict requires complex enough to jump a division of labor do artists emerge-first as shamans, then as the painters, singers, writers, etc., that we usually think of today. Society, then, creates the artist, but it can also destroy him. In A Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man, mob Joyce describes the particular development of Stephan Dedalus that led to his proper an artist. Pinks development in Pink Floyds The Wall, mirrors that of Stephen yet concludes in the destruction of the artist. An important similarity between them is their isolation. Joyce believed that the insularity from alliance is important for an artist in order to see society clearly. Common people are easily swayed by authority figures, as Dante and former(a) Irish Catholics are against Parnell by the churchs condemnation, or by other trendy movements such as the peace testimonial, all of which are jilted by Stephen in the end. When Stephen in his discourse on beauty describes the basket, he says your mind first of all separates the basket from the rest of the visible creation which is not the basket. The first phase of apprehension is a bounding line careworn about the object to be pecked (212). Thus, by extension, if an artist is to apprehend the society, a line must be bound around society separating the artist from it in order to view it it is difficult in a maze of hedges to comprehend the pattern, but when viewed from above the paths in and out become clear. The artist must stand outside the changeable mindset of the honest human being in orde... ...at make up the crowd or the eerie, bulbous faces on the train. Stephen fulfils his role as an artist by becoming a sort of teacher-shaman as he gives his discourses on esthetics to kill and prepares to depart into the world, like some wanderi ng monk or sage. name from society he is able to search out and convey the truth of society. Pinks isolation, however, utterly destroys him. Unable to endure, the wall is torn down by the beetle of conformity and Pink becomes the very personification of repressive society. If the role of the artist is to objectively show society the truth of itself, then Pink emerges an artwork in himself, an accurate mirror of the forces that shaped him. Works Cited Joyce, James. A Portriat of the Artist as a Young Man. New York Penguin Books, 1976. Pink Floyd. The Wall. Sony Wonder Studios, 1982.

The Physics of Basketball Essay examples -- Athletics Sports Essays

The physics of Basketb both The NBA playoffs argon making the headlines all over. Every news channel, sports channel, and newspaper has a fib about the hulking gamys. Everyone is making bets as to who will be the big champions. Will it be the defending champions, Los Angeles Lakers, or will it possibly be one of the underdogs. This is the close intensive time of year for basketball back up fans as they watch the teams battle out the feeble. Up and down the court, the turnovers, rebounds, fast breaks, and most of all the baskets make the games exciting. But have you ever wondered how these things happen? What enables the basketball to bounce, how does Kobe Bryant fly through the air, and why does the ball rotate backwards as it leaves a shooters hand and approaches the basket? These are all interesting questions and believe it or not they can all be answered with a discussion on physics. Whenever you watch a basketball game you are watching the act of physics. It is very much at bring in in the game of basketball (Hawkins).One of the key pieces of equipment in the game is the basketball itself. The ability of the ball to bounce is entirely explained by physics. The equity of conservation of energy says that the total energy of an isolated system does not change (Kirkpatrick, 131). When the ball comes in contact with the floor an elastic meeting occurs in which the kinetic energy of the system is conserved. Two things determine the cracking the air cart in the ball and the surface it is colliding with. The more pressure in the ball, the better the bounce and the great elasticity. The energy will be stored in the compressed air inside the ball creating a greater bounce. Air stores and returns energy more efficiently than ... ... air, just remember that it takes the kindred amount of time for him to reach the basket as it does for him to fall. You may also want to notice how the ball spins as well as how it bounces. As you are watching the pla yoffs this year keep in mind that the application of physics is very much at work in the game of basketball. BibliographyHawkins, Bethany. Physics of Basketball. Intro to Basketball and Physics. http//www.kent.wednet.edu/staff/trobins/physicspages/PhysOf1998. 25 March 2003.Kirkpatrick, Larry D., Wheeler, Gerald F. Physics A World View. Fourth edition, Harcourt College Publishers. Orlando, Florida. 2001.Willis, Bill. The Physics of Basketball. http//www.geocities.com/thesciencefiles/physicsof/basketball.html. 13 March 2003.Brancazio, dig J. Physics of Sports. Physics of Basketball. Department of Physics. Brooklyn, New York. 1981.

Vlad Dracula - A Makeup Plot :: essays research papers

Character Analysis regard Vlad DraculaThe man known as Dracula was Vlad Tepes (the Impaler) - a tabby in one of the historical parts of Romania. Born in 1431 in Sighasoara, Transylvania, Tepes grew up in a Germanic, and later Turkish atmosphere (as a prisoner from 1444 to 1448), became a tyrannical ruler that was feared throughout the lands, then died in 1476 in a fight defending his country. Based off of the achievement telecasting Bram Stokers Dracula, weigh Vlad denounced God aft(prenominal) the finale of his beloved, Elizabeta. Allegedly, in his rebirth, Vlad (known in legend and in history as Dracula or Dracul) became an unholy demon to avenge Elizabetas death for all of eternity. The form of Dracula that Im portraying (he had more in the film, including a wolf form, dignified prince, demon, and bat) is seen in the beginning of the picture when he is first introduced in real-time. Jonathan Harker first arrives at the Romanian go and is greeted by this creepy, cryptic, and subtlety intimidating gray-headed man. He is garbed in royal red satin as if he still rules this land and its . . . people. though visually ancient, his eyes seem much younger than his body and cutis present them to be and his smile his features crinkle up to this . . . hideous grin. In the world of makeup design, this version of Count Dracula is quite perplex the film didnt win an Academy Award for Best authorship for nothing Gary Oldman sat in the makeup chair for a want time for this role. In analyzing his visage, we can see that the ancient face of the Count is aged very carefully by the extensive use of latex. The inwrought wrinkles of Oldmans face were heightened drastically. The skin tone itself was of a sickly snow-covered not albino, just discolor enough to be really old and still slightly human. Oldmans eyebrows were completely covered (with the latex) and were replaced with slight strands of white hair. His cheekbones, bones on the top of his eyes, and chin cleft were nicely accentuated. cod to their dark and sunken nature, his eyes themselves are quite focused on and almost hypnotic a well-known characteristic of the Count. Though he is very VERY up there in age, his weathered insure gives him a sense of his struggling history and inner strength.

Figuresof The Early America :: essays research papers

Thaddeus Stevens- The U.S. Representive from Pennsylvania who was the creator of the 14th amendment was a big get word in the young United States. He was born in1792. His schooling was very(prenominal) impressive and he became known for his background in faithfulness. Mr. Stevens practiced law in Gettysburg and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He was a very hard and definite psyche when it came to justice and he even helped defeat a bill abolishing the presents public school system and was a proponent of a protective tariff. When Stevens was in congress he was a Whig but to a fault was tot onlyy against slavery. He was one of the leading organizers in the Republican caller coming about and a very powerful figure in the American well-behaved War. Stevens really didnt have a destiny of love for the south because Stevens in the House and Charles Sumner in the Senate were totally against chairman Lincolns plan for reconstruction. In Stevens eyes, the Southern states that were won neede d to be the center and treated as conquered states as he stated. Not only this but he was a big counselor in bringing up charges to impeach Andrew Jackson. Finally, he was one of the persons amenable in getting many rights for African Americans rights by creating the 14th amendment which states that all people born or naturalized in the United States be American citizens and citizens of their state of residence... Andrew Carnegie- This great Scottish man was born in his indigen on November 25, 1835. Mr. Carnegie was an iron/ brand name manufacture and a Philanthropist. galore(postnominal) people do not know that he was friends with some of the elect Americans such as Matthew Arnold, Mark Twain, William Gladstone and Theodore Roosevelt. In 1848, Carnegies family immigrated from his native to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from there he went from a regular boy to graceful a telegraph operator. There after he helped in the Civil War by helping to drastically improve the Union forcess communication. He was the creator of the Keystone Bridge Company which make iron and steel. This man came from nothing then became something in the land of opportunities. By the 1900s the Carnegie Steel Company was making one fourth of all steel in the United States, there after he sold his telephoner for $250 million. When he sold his company he retired and just began writing books and donating a lot of money.

Critical Thinking and Computer Logic :: Case Study, solution

With the PCLM solution came an other(a) set of problems, the largest macrocosm that of what to do with the existing personal electronic computers. We had just assumed we could dispose of the tabu-of-date computers as you would every other item, by placing it in the trash. That turned out to not be the case, we had to obey all local, State, and federal official regulations regarding the proper administration of personal computers and CRT monitors. The other unfore estimaten circumstance was compiling with Federal laws associated to properly destroying all sensitive customer information off the PC hard drives. HIPAA physical safeguard contain the following regulation disposal, execute policies and procedures to address the final disposition of electronic protected health information, and or the hardware or electronic media on which it is stored media re-use, implement procedures for removal of electronic protected health information from electronic media before t he media are do available for re-use accountability, maintain a record of the movements of hardware and electronic media and any person responsible therefore. (Phoenix Health Systems, 2006) With regards to disposing or recycling of overaged computer equipment there are very many key things that need to be considered. What are the fees for disposing or recycling of computer and other electronic equipment? Is disposing of electronic equipment equally as environmentally safe compared to recycling? What are the long-run effects of disposing this kind of materials? Can anyone benefit from the recycling of computers or other electronic devices? These are some of the things that should be considered when deciding to dispose of old or unwanted computer materials. Each company must see which option is best for them and their ideals. Usually there are nominal fees for companies to preference up and dispose of computers, monitors, and printers, the same can be said for recycling. in that respect are even free options that are sometimes offered by non-profit or government agencies in order to help ease the land fill up of this type of materials. Just last year the wampum Department of selective information Technology and the international nautical mile Department of Environmental Quality teamed up with Dell, Inc. to phalanx free computer recycling collections at three locations across Michigan to provide citizens with a better alternative for disposing of their electronic computer equipment (State of Michigan To Hold Computer Recycling Events, http//www.

The True Meaning of Terrorism Essay examples -- Terrorism Terrorist De

The True Meaning of terrorism Think of the word terrorism. What is the first thing that comes to mind? One capability think of kidnapping, assassination, bombing, or even genocide and guerrilla warfargon. Beca commit it is such a broad and complex issue, an all-encompassing definition is hard to formulate. The United States segment of Defence defines terrorism as The calculated use of madness or the threat of force out to inculcate fear intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, phantasmal or ideological. terrorism, then, is a type of political crime that makes use of slay and destruction or the threat of such violence in vow to promote change. It is a specific kind of calculated violence with a selected target. Targets can include individuals, groups, communities, or governments. In most cases, excessive violence is used against innocent people which creates a fear that the terrorist can use for coercive purposes. This fear is usually directed at someone another(prenominal) than the victim. In other words, terrorism is a psychological act conducted for its mend on an audience.(1) Since terrorists need publicity to inspire fear, they often seek more than than unusual events that capture and hold public attention. Terrorism can be broken down into five main categories Revolutionary, Political, Nationalistic, Nonpolitical, and State-Sponsored. Revolutionary terrorists use violence as a tool to invoke fear in those in power and their supporters.(2) The goal for these terrorists is to implicate a government that would be more compliant to their needs. By using methods such as kidnapping, assassination, and bombing, revolutionary terrorists promise to provoke in... ...rrorism of genocide. Although the definition of terrorism is hard to pinpoint, I have draw a general working definition for the purposes of the essay. As outlined, the forms of terrorism are extreme and varied. It is h oped that one day other forms of mediation and political resources go out be more widely used and accepted in problem-solving so that acts of terrorism can be prevented and avoided. Bibliography Dabrowski, Mariusz, A Comprehensive Introduction To The Phenomenon Of Terrorism http//saber.towson.edu/polsci/ppp/sp97/terror/intro.html 1997. Distinctions and Varieties of Terrorism http//saber.towson.edu/polsci/ppp/sp97/terror/variety.html Siegel, Lany & McCormick, Chris. Criminology in Canada Toronto Nelson 1999. The basic principle of Terrorism, http//www.terrorism.com/terrorism/bpart6.html, Copyright Terrorism Research Center, Inc. 1997

Finding Fulfillment in The Good Earth Essay -- Pearl Buck Good Earth E

Finding Fulfillment in The Good Earth The Good Earth is a novel compose by Pearl S. Buck. It is set in China and on the daytime of Wang Lungs marriage. Wang Lung is a poor peasant farmer whose love for the land sustains him with the difficult times of his life. He married a slave from the with child(p) mansion, and he moves from a poor, humble, country farmer to a wealthy, respected, landowning patriarch. He moves into the house that he bought his wife from, and dies content with his faith in the true humankind. The promise of the novel is misleading because we have to wonder if the earth is really good to Wang Lung. There was only this perfect sympathy of movement, of turning this earth of theirs all over and over to the sun, this earth which formed their home and fed their bodies and made their gods...Some time, in some age, bodies of men and women had been buried there, houses had stood there, had fallen, and gone back into the earth. So would to a fault t heir house, some time, return into the earth, their bodies also. Each had his turn at this earth. They worked on, moving together-together-producing the harvest-feast of this earth. (Ch. 1, pg. 22). People have taken their turn on the earth. The lived and died for the earth the earth provided them with food and with shelter. Well and the children must all starve if the plants starve. (Chapter 8, pg. 48) There argon times of drought and times of flooding. There were times where there wasnt both food and the rains sunk shelter. Wang Lung spent most of his life rebuilding what was ruined, and when it was rebuilt, it was ruined again. But after many years of working hard, Wang Lung gained enough capital to own lots of land. The only difference between a pheasant l... ...h he forgot it for many months together, when spring came each year he must go out on to the land. (Chapter 34, pg. 257) Wang Lung was not aware of his sons interest in change the land though, and thus died contently. He manageed he had done things differently with O-lan and in all probability would have been happier if he was still a pheasant but we all wish there were things we could have done differently. To Wang Lung the earth was good. He never cut the ending picture and how his faith in the earth wouldnt carry on because of his money hungry sons, but his love for the land ended with him, and tranquillity in his heart. Works Cited Buck, Pearl S. The Good Earth. New York working capital uncoiled P, 1994. Kang, Younghill. Review of The Good Earth. Rpt. in The Good Earth. Ed. Peter Conn. New York Washington Square P, 1994. 367-68.

Comparing Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky :: Educational Psychology, cognitive development

Methods and approaches to teaching have been greatly influenced by the research of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both have contributed to the field of education by offering explanations for chelarens cognitive learning styles and abilities. While Piaget and Vygotsky may differ on how they view cognitive development in children, both offer educators uncorrupted suggestions on how to teach certain material in a developmentally appropriate manner.Piaget proposed that cognitive development from infant to young adult occurs in four universal and consecutive coifs sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete trading operations, and formal operations (Woolfolk, A., 2004). amidst the ages of zero and two years of age, the child is in the sensorimotor stage. It is during this stage the child experiences his or her own world by means of the senses and through movement. During the last mentioned part of the sensorimotor stage, the child develops object permanence, which is an substantiateing t hat an object exists evening if it is not within the field of vision (Woolfolk, A., 2004). The child also begins to understand that his or her actions could cause another action, for example, kicking a mobile to submit the mobile move. This is an example of goal-directed behavior. Children in the sensorimotor stage dirty dog reverse actions, but cannot yet reverse thinking (Woolfolk, A., 2004).During a childs punt and seventh year, he or she is considered to be in the preoperational stage. Piaget stated that during this stage, the child has not yet mastered the ability of mental operations. The child in the preoperational stage still does not have the ability to think through actions (Woolfolk, A., 2004). Children in this stage are considered to be egocentric, meaning they assume others distribute their points of view (Woolfolk, A. 2004). Because of egocentricism, children in this stage engage in collective monologues, in which each child is talking, but not interacting with th e other children (Woolfolk, A. 2004). Another consequential aspect of the preoperational stage is the acquisition of the skill of preservation. Children understand that the amount of something trunk the same even if its appearance changes (Woolfolk, A., 2004). A child in the preoperational stage would not be able to perform the famous Piagetian conservation problem of liquid and volume, because he or she has not yet highly-developed reversible thinking thinking backward, from the end to the beginning (Woolfolk, A., 33).Concrete operations occurs between the ages of seven to eleven years. Students in the later elementary years, match to Piaget, learn best through hands-on discovery learning, while operative with tangible objects.