Judicial Response to Environmental Issues in India

environsal protection during the last few years has rick not unaccompanied a dissolvent of national concern merely of global brilliance. It is now an established truth beyond every last(predicate) doubts that with let on a clean environs the very survival of mankind is at s take. nightfall in surroundal quality has been evidenced by increasing pollution, passing assume of ve hital over and bio-diversity, excessive concentration of harmful chemicals in the close atmosphere and food chains, growing risks of purlieual accidents and threat to look take for systems.This has drawn the attention of entire world community and therefore they immovable to protect and enhance the surround quality. How could the judiciary re important a unsounded spectator when the fill inject has acquired high importance and become a field of caution and legal notice.In a developing country alike India, with uneducated masses, fleshs of abject poverty, where the aw atomic number 18ness o f socio-economic and ecological capers in lacking, the judiciary has to play an hazardive role to protect the quite a littles sort out against the anti-people society by infusing confidence in people as a self-coloured for whom it exists, for as rightly personate by Justice Lodha, Judiciary exists for the people and not vice-versa. Judiciary therefore cannot sit in silence and helplessly scarcely must come forrader actively to make beneficial the deficiencies of justness and provide relief wherever and whenever required.The Judiciary remained as a spectator to environmental exploitation until recently. But now judiciary sour an stiff role of existence educator, insurance policy maker, super-administrator, and more generally, amicus environment. In India Environmental law is juridical response to the queries of its citizens against environmental exploitation and administrative tree sloth and also role played by the humankind interest judicial proceeding. Since 1985 nigh of the environment moorings in India have been brought before the judicial system as writ petitions, normally by individuals acting on pro bono basis.While many legislative steps have been taken to give effect to the solid right of man to live in a sound environment and the corresponding duty of the tell and individuals to ensure environmental preservation and conservation, our impart endeavor is to analyze the steps taken by judiciary to forward this goal. To achieve this end, the judiciary had evolved certain principles to provide effective remedy in case of violation of constitutional and legislative mandate.In the subsequent sub divisions, several(prenominal) concepts which the judiciary has evolved in order to give force to the right of man to a effectual environment would be briefly dealt with. right-hand(a) to a Wholesome Environment discriminatory recognition of environmental jurisprudence, in the backdrop of industrialization, reached its peak with the prono uncement of the sovereign dally that right to squ atomic number 18 environment is a part of obligate 21 of the Constitution. In Subhash Kumar v. call take down of Bihar, the apostrophize observed that obligate 32 of the Constitution has been designed to go for the important rights of the citizen.The said articles provides for extraordinary procedure to enforce the right of a person. The right to life to a lower place name 21 includes the right to purpose of pollution free water and aerate for full enjoyment of life. Judicial concern regarding right to wholesome environment has been reflected in subsequent pronouncements. It has issued take into key managements where the government weaponry has failed to perform its statutory duty, and thereby chthonicmined the right to life guaranteed to a lower place Article 21 of the Constitution. In Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action and Other v. trades union of India and Others, the chemical industries surrounding Bichhri Village in Udaipur (Rajasthan) contaminated the water, soil and air by the discharge of highly toxic effluents, particularly iron-based and gypsum based sludge. The hail interfered to give proper remedy to the destitute villagers. It opined that the social interest litigation low Article 32 of the Constitution was a weapon in the hands of the people to enforce their right to wholesome environment, when it was blatantly ignore by industries. In different words, the judicial system reaffirmed that right to clean environment is an important facet of the right to life.In RLE Kendra Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, the apex entirelyterfly declared that right to life includes the right of the people to live in the estimable environment with minimal disturbance of ecology and without avoidable suppose to them and to their cattle, home and agriculture land and undue affection of air, water and environment. Also, the ultimate improvement, in Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board v. MV Naydu, has put forward the view that matters relating to environment are of equal significance with those of benevolent rights.In its own words Environmental concerns arising in this approach under Article 32 or under Article 136 or under Article 226 in the risque Courts are in our view, of equal importance as Human Rights Concerns. In fact, both are to be traced to Article 21 which deals with fundamental right to life and liberty. While environmental manifestation concern life, human right aspect concern liberty. Principles of third estate Law In 1980, the Supreme Court held that clean polite life is the right of the inhabitants who reside inside the municipal area.In municipality Ratlam v. Vardichand, the petitioner, a municipal council, filed an appeal against the direction of the magistrate under section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The judicial magistrate, on application by the people of the area passed certain directions against the civic corp orate body to bring cleanliness within the municipal area, as it had been grime by open drains, human excreta, in absence of proper sanitation, and discharges from alcoholic drink factories. The High Court affirmed the directions issued.Thereafter, the civil corporation filed a special Leave Petition before the Supreme Court on the aim that the magistrate had no effects to pass order against the municipality. The Supreme Court took a very serious note of the miserable condition of the municipal area which pose health hazards for the people. Additionally the discharges from the alcohol plant overflowed the open drains making the condition more miserable. The Supreme Court issued certain directions, in addition to the doctrinal directions, and fixed the time limit within which those were to be implemented.The significant role of this judgment, from the point of view of environmental criminal law was that, if any military officer of the corporation failed to discharge his duti es, then he could be punished under section 188 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Subsequently, in Ram Baj Shing v. Babulal, the Allahabad High Court tried to read atmospheric pollution within the broad spectrum of orphic nuisance, and issued permanent injunction against the polluting brick-grinding factory.The approach enumerated that the dust emitting from a grinding machine factory created public hazards and injured the health of individual members of the society. Any act would amount to private nuisance which caused injury, discomfort or annoyance to a person. PIL with Reference to Environment Protection Since the last decade, PIL has played a whimsical role by which people belonging to different walks of life and particularly the down trodden are upriseting social justice from the Supreme Court as well as the High Courts. The PIL is now recognized as an effective instrument of social change.It is because of this new strategic of pro bono litigation that the poor and the dow n trodden have been able to seek justice from courts. As a result of this development, a spate of environmental cases has been brought before the courts through public interest litigation. They have been filed either by individuals, voluntary governing or by letter/petitions sent to judges. In the following passages an blast is beingness made to examine some of the leading judicial pronouncements on the point. i. Delhi waste Leak case M. C. Mehta v.Union of India, popularily known as Delhi Gas Leak or Oleum Gas Leak Case, is the historic one in the field of environmental justice. The Supreme Court besides laying down substantial principles of law, embarked upon some important questions of law and policy which need to be answered. The Supreme Court laid down two important principles of law First, the power of the Supreme Court to grant remedial relief for a proved infringement of a fundamental right (in this case Article 21) includes the power to award compensation, albeit in exc eptional cases.Thus, the court not only widened the stage setting of the Article 21 by including in it protection of environment but also included a liability in tort for those harmed others by pollution. Second, the judgment opened a new frontier in the Indian jurisprudence by introducing a new no misplay liability standard (absolute liability) for industries engaged in baseless activities which has brought about paper changes in the liability and compensation laws in India. The new standard makes hazardous industries absolutely liable for the harm resulting from its activities.It is a standard which on its monetary value, admits of no defences. The case is significant from other points. The court further expanded the scope of epistolary jurisdiction when it reiterated that a public spirited individual or a social action group acting pro bono public would suffice to ignite the jurisdiction of this court and that hyper technical approach that disappointed the ends of justice w as inappropriate in PIL cases. ii. The Ganga Pollution Case The Ganga pollution cases are the most important water pollution cases in India to date. The brief facts being, in 1985, M. C. Mehta, an activist advocate and social worker, by way of a public interest litigation, filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution inter alia, for the issue of a writ/order/direction in the nature of mandamus, directing Kanpur Municipality to restrain itself from discharging waste water into the river Ganga, and political authorities and the tanneries at Jajmau near Kanpur to restrain polluting the river with sewage and trade effluents work such time that they put up necessary treatment plants for treating these effluents.The court in Mehta case I made order against the tanneries, while in Mehta case II ruled against municipalities and other governmental authorities. In Mehta case I, the court realizing the importance of water of the river Ganga in particular, and concerned over th e inveterate pollution of it by the industries and municipal wastes, re intelligenceed the conviction of environmental protection as enshrined in the directive principle in Article 48-A of the Constitution which provides that state shall endeavour to protect and improve environment and to safeguard the forests and the wildlife of the country.Article 51-A which imposes a fundamental duty on the citizens to protect and improve the natural environment. The court also invoked the Water Act as an indication of the importance of the cake and control of water pollution. The court emphasized that notwithstanding the comprehensive pabulum contained in the Water Act the state boards had not taken effective steps to go on the discharge of effluents in the river Ganga.The court ruled that the fact, as was asserted on behalf of the some of the tanneries, that the effluents were not directly discharged into the river but first discharged in to the municipal sewers, did not absolve them from b eing proceeded against under the provisions of the law in force, since ultimately the effluents reach the river Ganga from Municipal Sewers. The ourt also invoked Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 as further indication of the importance of streak and control of water pollution and noted that not much has been make even under the Act by the Central Government to stop the grave public nuisance caused by the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur. Mehta Case II related to the action taken against Kanpur Municipality and other Government entities for their failure to prevent waste water flowing to the river Ganga as was asserted in the legitimate petition by the petitioner. Accordingly the Supreme Court enjoin Kanpur Nagar Mahapalika to a. go off the works to improve sewerage system within the target dates mentioned in the counter affidavits and not to delay the completion of those works beyond those dates. b. return action against the dairies for either removing the waste accumulated near t he dairies or to get them shifted to a place outside the city. c. Take immediate steps to enlarge the size of the sewers and wherever sewerage line is not yet constructed, to get it constructed. d. To construct sufficient number of latrines and urinals for the use of poor people in order to prevent defecation by them on open land. . The arrange of throwing corpse and semi burnt corpses be brought to an end immediately.The Municipality and Police should take step to ensure that dead bodies or half burnt bodies are not thrown into the river Ganga. The remarkable thing about this judgment is that thought, it was a case against Kanpur Nagar Mahapalika but the court directed that this will apply mutatis mutandis to all other Mahapalikas and Municipalities which have jurisdiction over the areas through which the river Ganga flows and accordingly directed to send the copy of judgment to all municipalities. ii. Dehradun Quarrying Case untaught Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, or Dehradun Valley Litigation as it is commonly known, is one of the most complex environmental case handled by the Supreme Court. It is the first momentous decision of the apex court wherein it was required to sense of balance environmental and ecological integrity against industrial demands on forest resources. The main question before the Supreme Court for consideration was whether the mine lessees could be allowed to mine quarrying operations.In its order of 12 March, 1985, the Supreme Court, after considering the recommendations of the Bhargava Committee, ordered immediate closure of most dangerous mines and those falling within Mussoorie citys board limits. The court finds that due to working of basswood stone quarries there is imbalance to ecology or hazard to healthy environment, then in that case the court will order their closure. The court thus impliedly recognized right to a wholesome environment as implicit in Article 21 of the Constitution . iv. Calcutta Taj Hotel Case Sachidanand Pandey v. State of western hemisphere Bengal, is an important town planning case which in categorical terms reiterates the courts duty to protect environment. In this case, the Government of due west Bengal gave on absorb to the Taj Group, four acres of land belonging to the Calcutta zoological Garden for the construction of a five star hotel. This garden was situated in Alipore, the heart of Calcutta. It was this giving away of the land that was challenged by a PIL petition, filed originally in the Calcutta High Court by two citizens of Calcutta-one the secretaire of the Union of Workmen of the Zoological Garden and the other, a life member of the zoo.The Calcutta High Court upheld the lease in favour of the hoteliers. In appeal the Supreme Court held that ecological balance shall be maintained by the court in spite of the fact that such duty imposed on the government is merely a directive principle of state policy under Part IV of the constitution. The court further held Whenever a problem of ecology is brought before the court, the court is bound to bear in chief Article 48-A of the Constitution and Article 51A(g).When the court is called upon to give effect to the Directives Principles and fundamental duty, the court is not to shrug its shoulders and say that priorities are a matter of policy and so it is a matter for the policy-making authority. The least that the court may do is to examine whether appropriate considerations are borne in mind and irrelevancies are excluded. In appropriate cases the court may go further, but how much further must depend on the circumstances of the case. In view of the above approach the court adopting a liberal approach in favour of the development held that the Government has acted perfectly bonafidely in granting the lease and its action was not against the interests of the zoo or migrant birds visiting the zoo. On the contrary as the proposed hotel is a garden hotel there i s every opportunity of the ecology and environment being improved as a result of planting of numerous trees around the premises and removal of the burial instal and dumping ground for rubbish. ConclusionThus, the Supreme Court of India had taken into account the right to a healthy environment along with the right to sustainable development and balanced them. This concept of right to a healthy environment and sustainable development are the fundamental human rights implicit in the right to life, which has been constructed as such in many countries. The entire judicial construction by the Supreme Court and the High Courts also unwrap the humanitarian approach to these environmental laws with the help of public interest litigations.The Indian Supreme Court was the first to develop the concept of right to healthy environment as a part of life under Article 21 of our constitution. This principle is now been adopted and followed in various other countries now. Suggestions In this paper the researcher wants to recommends the following suggestions. 1)The problem can be very well addressed to masses with the help of clinical environmental education, as there will be specialized treatment to sensitize people about environmental problems.Moreover, innovative minds can come out with very real solutions. 2)There should be separation of funds for issues related to environmental protection and international financial institutions should leap forward to take mete out of nation. 3)Governments of the nation should make provisions for environmental protection officers, those who should have the power to accept grievances against the public authorities who are not responding to legislative policies of environment protection. )The judiciary should go for dialogic activism i. e. through judgments it should enter a dialogue with several agencies of states to implement the agenda of environmental protection. 5)There should be an environmental census i. e. a questionnaire should b e made about the general awareness on environmental protection and to distribute it to the people which would be helpful in the accretion of data on prevailing conditions.