Monetary Policy Essay examples -- essays papers

Monetary Policy I chose to research and write on the topic of monetary policy. My two main sources of information were www.federalreserve.gov and www.frsbf.org. From my research I would define monetary policy as the macroeconomic act of keeping the democracy financially stable. According to www.frsbf.org The object of monetary policy is to influence the performance of the economy as reflected in such factors as rising prices, economic output, and employment. It works by affecting demand across the economythat is, peoples and firms willingness to spend on goods and services. The information that I located suggested that the main issues that monetary policy deals with are inflation and unemployment which usually affect each other.Monetary policy is the responsibility of the Federal Reserve System who put the main responsibility of monetary policy on their Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). The FOMC meets 8 times a year and has 12 members who meet to discuss the state of the ec onomy and what changes can be made to help the economy. The main tools used in monetary policy are the manipulation of short term interest rates which can greatly affect demand as well as manipulating the discount rate and reserve requirements.The discount rate is the interest rate the Federal Reserve Banks belt financial institutions for short-term loans of reserves. A change in the discount rate can decrease or encourage financial institutions lending and investment activities. ...

The Complex Character of Iago of Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othell

The Complex Character of Iago of Othello Iago can be clearly mentionized as the villain in Shakespeares Othello. The notion of the honest Iago does at times appear not to be a misnomer. In this essay I shall attempt to explore the complexities contained within the character of Iago. One of the most interesting questions that crops up is the one concerning Iagos motives. What are his reasons to kill each major Venetian in Cyprus? Shakespeare seemingly sets the stage for Iagos actions, giving him two distinct reasons to avenge Othello. The first is the fact that Othello promotes Cassio, an arithmetician to the rank of lieutenant and passes over Iago who is but a sergeant. Secondly, Iago is suspicious of his wife, Emilia and thinks she is sleeping with every other man but himincluding Othello. There are other reasons that Iago talks about in his soliloquiesthe primary one being jealousy or the green-eyed monster. Iago resents the love that Othello and Desdemona share and also takes offence at the fact that Othello is older, yet he has a young and beautiful wife, power, and respect, all that Iago desires. However, all these reasons seem to be false and made-up just for the sake of being excuses for his malice or perhaps they seem to sum up a sense of paranoia. Furthermore he uses these reasons to convince Roderigo to hate Othello. The real motive seems but a slip on Iagos part w... ...Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York Penguin, 1991. Di Yanni, Robert. Character Revealed finished Dialogue. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p. Random House, 1986. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare. Othello. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. Rossi. New York Longman, 1999. 312-379. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Slave Narrative Essay -- Comparative, Brown, Douglass, Jacobs 1

The purpose of a slave narrative during the American abolition movement was to directly address the violent truth of slavery. But to what found did the truth of their autobiographical stories have on readers at the time? Within this essay, I am going to explore themes such as truth, motherhood and religion, and how they move as narrative strategies throughout. In order to support the analyses, my primary authors will be William Wells Brown, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs 1. The primary texts stated are written in a voice which is antebellum of the American Civil War (1861-65), so it is interesting to see the that the two male authors use their own identity to title their formulate despite the risks involved, unlike Jacobs who uses pseudonyms to portray her story. Throughout all three texts, there is a familiar structure. Olney comments on how this is a sense not of uniqueness but of kindle sameness 2. He continues to state how slave narratives follow a chronological, episodic narrative beginning with an assertion of existence 3. This can be seen in my primary texts, for example, I was born in Tuckahoe (Douglass, Narrative, p.2072) and I was born a slave (Jacobs, Incidents, p.1809). On the other hand, Heermance disagrees, stating that the specifically personal, unique and exotic, nature ... made each narrative intriguingly different from its brethren 4. This quote supports the individuality of each slave, and their reactions and representations of the different forms of force they were subjected to. However, Andrews justifies the similarity of structures within slave narratives The ex-slave narrators and their sponsors had learned that ... facts plotted in certain kinds of story structures... ... this analyse of strategies to a close, I believe that the theme of religion creates a greater impact in narratives. This because even without being religious, the scripture is known, thus quotations are relatable. Not only this, the narrators themselv es were a huge part of the abolition movement, especially Douglass who wrote and delivered many speeches Morality and religion were one and the same thing for Frederick Douglass, and it should come as no surprise that ... (Matthew 712) would become the perfect embodiment of human equality for him 15. This concludes how religion within narratives, exposed slave owners misconception of scripture, and their unholy violence based on those wrong interpretations. The narratives tactfully show the true and fair intentions intended by God for all of humanity, and no doubt this helped the abolition movement dramatically.

Shakespeares Macbeth - The Tragic Hero :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth Macbeth The Tragic hit man          The most recent meaning of the word Tragic Hero as defined by MicrosoftWorks dictionary is A hero of noble stature whose fortunes are reversed as aresult of weakness. legion(predicate) characters in the play were affected by  tragedy fora number of reasons, but without argue, Macbeth and his reverse of fortunes aredue to his stimulate actions, and the rest of the cast were provided victims of this.Macbeths actions lead to his really nemises. From the beginning of the play thistragedy of his was manifested through forces beyond human the supernatural ifyou will. These forces were that of the witches. The next factor in determininghis fate was his own decisions and actions. Lady Macbeth is the second reasonfor Macbeths tragedy without her support in aiding his decision, Macbeth wouldhave never had the strength to lie, scheme, and destroy to such extremes. Thelast, and most devastating to Macbeth, was his cripled conscious which do himact out of selfeshness and lust.  The sequence of these factors were mostdefenitely provoked by the evilness and twisted nature of the witches, for if itwerent for their influence, then Macbeth would have never turned his desiresinto reality.         At the very beginning of the play Macbeth is nothing but a generalfighting for his country. His fellow fighters admire Macbeth, for in theireyes, and even in the eyes of the highest of authority, his nobility andcouragousness is looked up to. His success for his acheivement is rewarded, andhis confidence is made stronger because of this. But this is only the beginning,and soon these good fortunes will come to a tragic end. The audience is thenintroduced to a assembly of witches. Three witches who appear as wicked andrepulsive. They seem to signify all that is wrong and corrupt. Macbeths over-confident attitude is the first characteristic the witches detect, and they takeadvantage of this sign to make his life as miserable as they possibly can. Heencounters the witches in Act1, scene1, and from this point he is now a stepcloser to realising what his coming(prenominal) holds... so he thinks. The witches firstaddress Macbeth as king, and Banguo as one Lesser than Macbeth.(1.2.65) Infact,Macbeth isnt king, never the less, the witches insist in prophecising that heis and will be. The witches are already planting seeds of persuation into hishead which are made to bloom into tragedy. These destructive and manipulativeforces the witches have power over alter his viewpoints about his values and

Surrealism and Salvador Dali Essay -- Salvador Dali Artists Painters P

Surrealism and Salvador DaliSalvador Dali, was born Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domenech on Monday, 11 May 1904, in the small Spanish town of Figueres, in the foothills of the Pyrenees, approximately sixteen miles from the French restrain in a region known as Catalonia. His parents supported his talent and built him his first studio while he was still a peasant in their summer home at Cadaques. Dali went on to attend the San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid, Spain. He was married to Gala Eluard in 1934 and died on 23 January 1989 in a hospital in Figueres (Etherington-Smith, 12).Dali never limited himself to one style or particular medium. Beginning with his early impressionistic works, great inspiration.Surrealism emerged from what was left of Dada (a European movement categorized by its irrationality and lack of traditional values, sometimes referred to as nihilistic) in the mid 1920s and opposed Dada, Surrealism held a promising and more positive view of art and because of this it won many converts. Surrealism actually got its beginnings as a literary, not artistic, trend in Parisian publications (Stangos, 122). What Surrealism and Dadaism held in common was their belief in the importance of the unconscious foreland and its manifestations, as was stressed by Freud. They both believed that through the unconscious mind a plethora of artistic imagery would be unveiled. Both of these , called automatism. The Surrealists also wanted to answer the ques...

Surrealism and Salvador Dali Essay -- Salvador Dali Artists Painters P

Surrealism and Salvador DaliSalvador Dali, was born Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domenech on Monday, 11 May 1904, in the flyspeck Spanish town of Figueres, in the foothills of the Pyrenees, approximately sixteen miles from the French border in a region known as Catalonia. His parents supported his talent and reinforced him his first studio while he was still a child in their summer home at Cadaques. Dali went on to attend the San Fernando Academy of pretty Arts in Madrid, Spain. He was married to Gala Eluard in 1934 and died on 23 January 1989 in a hospital in Figueres (Etherington-Smith, 12).Dali never limited himself to one(a) style or particular medium. Beginning with his early impressionistic works, greatest inspiration.Surrealism emerged from what was left of Dada (a European movement categorized by its irrationality and inadequacy of traditional values, sometimes referred to as nihilistic) in the mid 1920s and unlike Dada, Surrealism held a promising and more positive view of art and because of this it won many an(prenominal) converts. Surrealism actually got its beginnings as a literary, not artistic, trend in Parisian publications (Stangos, 122). What Surrealism and Dadaism held in common was their belief in the importance of the unconscious judging and its manifestations, as was stressed by Freud. They both believed that through the unconscious mind a plethora of artistic imagery would be unveiled. Both of these , called automatism. The Surrealists also valued to answer the ques...

Dowry, an Investment System

fortune system is when the brides family confounds goods, money, or estate to her husband and his family during marriage (E. Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). This practice is mostly honey oil in South Asia, specifically the Indian civilization (E. Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). On the other hand is the practice of bride price system which is where the husband gives cattle, land or goods in stand in for a womans hand in marriage (Schwimmer, 2002). This is mostly practiced in Africa among traditional households, where it is a price for the economic go and children a woman adds to another family (Schwimmer, 2002).Dowry and bride price are mostly practiced in exchange for the brides hearty being (E. Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). There is a sacrosanct possibility that a wife might be mistreated if the helping was not enough or satisfying for the gear ups family (E. Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). Most multiplication if the husband leaves or mistreats his wife the dowry is to be returned to her (E. Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). It is also used as a means to discharge a husband of his duties to provide well for his wife, this is most common in marriages where two young people are wedded (E.Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). Although the practice of dowry from the brides family to the develops is a average in the Indian culture it the opposite for the African culture. Where as in Africa a grooms family gives bride price to the brides family. These practices seen in the context of their culture are completely averageal, but seen from a modern perspective are primitive and inhumane since they resemble a system of slave exchange (Schwimmer, 2002). This is imputable to the over turn in the practice in the twentieth century.In South Asian culture dowries fork out been demanded and paid to the grooms family conjugating the term groom price (Maitra, 2007). In India it is evident that in that respect is a great inflation in dowry practice (Maitra, 2007). There was also an evident increase in v iolence against brides who were unable to fulfill the dowry payment demanded (Maitra, 2007) . This was against the fact that in 1961 there was a Dowry Prohibition Act which made it illegal to give dowries (Maitra, 2007). This has flamed many womens rights issues due to many cases of mistreatment of brides in India (Dowry system in, 2010).It is also criticized because it is not to provide for the bride in unforeseen circumstances but to appease the grooms familys greed (Dowry system in, 2010). For example, it was reported by the Vancouver Sun that a bride had died and her 13-month old young lady had suffered severe burns after the brides family started a fire after being dissatisfied with the dowry (Nel word of honor, 2012). The article also highlighted that such(prenominal) dowry dissatisfaction causes for deaths of up to 8, 000 women in India each year (Nelson, 2012).Therefore, even though there is awareness of the cause of such mistreatment against women in India it is lock away a norm to practice dowry which can possibly put a daughters life in danger. Where as in the African culture the system of bride price is most practiced. Here bride payments are mostly interpreted as the wealth received by the brides family which compensates for the daughter that will be of economic use and will bare children for another family (Schwimmer, 2002). Among the Dani of New Guinea there are 3 occasions where a groom must give a brides family valuables, such a cattle or shells (Schwimmer, 2002).First, when the groom marries the bride and she starts functional on his farm second, when the groom has sexual rights to the bride and consummates the marriage third, when his wife bears a child (Schwimmer, 2002). In the Igbo culture of South Africa, bride price is considered as the payment to have fertile woman and if the bride is not fertile or chooses to leave the marriage before producing children she must return the wealth given to her family by the groom (Schwimmer, 2002). W ith such cases of bride price many men choose marry many women and it is usually the previous(a) man that marry before the young (Schwimmer, 2002).This is due to the fact that older men have had the time to accumulate more wealth and necessary resources to pay for a bride (Schwimmer, 2002). Such practices have also raised cases where the brides have been disunite or are infertility so the families of the bride have to return the price paid to the groom (Schwimmer, 2002). For example, in the Zulu culture in South Africa there is an exchange of cattle among the groom and the brides father or brother (Schwimmer, 2002). This exchange is called lobola and has to be returned if the bride is divorced or cannot bare children (Schwimmer, 2002).Also, in such cultures when a son receives his first lobola from his daughters marriage he must give it to his father as repayment for his marriage (Schwimmer, 2002). These practices observed by outsides would resemble such(prenominal) to slave exch ange morally this is wrong yet it is normally practiced in South Africa because of its wide acceptance in the culture (Schwimmer, 2002). In conclusion, from an anthropological point of view there is a cultural norm set by traditions and human greed which causes for such immoral practices of dowry and bride price.Although, these practices are considered a norm in these cultures, an outsider observing would be very shocked to see such inhumane treatment of women. This is a type of degradation which is still to this day present even with government laws which prohibit against it (Dowry system in, 2010). In order for such practices to become a rarity and not a norm a strong education system for women is important this is a suggestion and an observation an anthropologist would make with a moral leniency. Bibliography Nelson, D. (2012, 10 16). Woman dies in dowry spat.The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved from http//www. vancouversun. com/Woman+dies+dowry+spat/7395783/story. html Woman in coma aft er suicide attempt dies in sardarnagar. (2012, 10 30). Times Of India. Retrieved from http//timesofindia. indiatimes. com/city/ahmedabad/Woman-in-coma-after-suicide-attempt-dies-in-Sardarnagar/articleshow/17012521. cms Dowry system in india. In (2010). Country Facts & Information. Kwintessential Ltd. Retrieved from http//www. kwintessential. co. uk/articles/india/Dowry-System-in-India/3024 Dowry. In (2008). E. Pauls Prine (Ed. , Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/170540/dowry Maitra, S. (2007). Dowry and bride price. In (2nd ed. ). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Retrieved from http//dept. econ. yorku. ca/smaitra/SMaitra_IESS. pdf Schwimmer, B. (2002, 05). Bride wealth. Retrieved from http//www. umanitoba. ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/tutor/marriage/bride_wealth. html (Schwimmer, 2002) Bridewealth. In (2012). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/79255/bridewealth

Paula Scher Research Paper Essay

Paula Scher, also humpn as Americas first design lady, is a graphic designer, illustrator and art educator. The Tyler School of graphics in Philadelphia is where Paula Scher majored in illustration and finished her BFA in nineteen seventy. As a student Scher abstained from graphic design as she was short of the required tidiness artistry, and she did not like aligning Helvetica on a framework. The act of organizing the Helvetica type-face on a grid reminded me of cleaning up my room, she admitted. Drawing was her genial spot, so she adopted an approach which was to illustrate using type Stanislaw Zagorski who was her teacher.He was the one to give her that advice which was profoundly substantial for her cargoner. Shcer describes in her book MAKE IT big that the Zigzag rolling paper and album covers, especially the Beetles covers where her major inspiration during the sixties. This influence can be noted in some of the work she did at CBS, like the cover for Ralph MacDonald, fig1, the way feet are place bears resemblance to the Beetles cover, fig2. During the nineteen seventies, there was an increase in political awareness, which initially stared in 1960, along with the economic liberty of women and the dimming of the hipster movement.Nineteen seventy was also the year Paula Scher graduated, it has been called the golden days of illustration. There were well established humanities at that time, like Miltion Glaser, Seymour Chwast, James McMullen, Pual Davis whom Paula perceived as inspiration. Paulas work doesnt have many distinct features that display the influence of the artist supra on her work, since she has a style of her own, but there are some corresponding color pallets. STYLE Common components of her work * Use of bright colors * Use of hand written text Use of bold strokes * Domination of type Paula Schers designs are intended to captivate the interest of modern public, it does so by the use of the components above along with pop icons, music, fil ms and many some others.Conceiving images that communicates with the publics feelings, the designs she made become observably equivalent to the New York retro movement. retro art is a genre of pop art, is amplified during the nineteen forties and nineteen fifties, it was a reaction to the demand for courageous, attractive graphics.Scher had an eye for bringing together antithetical typing, leading, churning and coloring blended together in a bold and very astonishing way. The BAM effect to some extent has a flashing tinct to the design which is her way of visualizing, expressing and exemplifying the retro by means of conventional methods. Fig3 shows a poster done by Scher for the public theater, A Retro Style. Schers justification for her style and approach is plainly a counter for dissatisfaction with the type-face Helvetica along with her rebellious mind set, that differentiated her among other artist by breaking the so called rules.Influence of the Dada movement Dada movemen t started in nineteen sixteen, by a poet and artist named Tristan Tzara and Hans Arp. As a response to the killing, propaganda and firstly the first world war. Individualist groups joint together by means of similar concepts, even though these groups did not office a universal style, but since they all rejected the idealism, stale artistic and intellectual conventions and modern societys unchecked embrace of rationalism and happen. Dada was anti-aesthetic, anti-rational and anti-idealistic.Fig 4 shows a poster that was done during the Dada movement, it is a blended combination between a collage and typography, these similar elements are found in the poster designed by Paula Shcer designed for the public theater fig 5 which also has a very similar feel. This is not the only poster that shows the influence of the Dada movement on Schers work, most of the designs made portray a certain ideology and there is a concept that supports why certain elements are added, positioned and combin ed together to form the design.The design feel of the art done in during the Dada movement and Scher twain have the messy effect of being cluttered, yet the design is harmonious in a baldy manner. Both are known for their utilization of nonrepresentational elements. Even though they share enough similar features, Shcer brings out the pop art feel into the Dada inspired work, which is what identifies her designs from those done in the nineteen sixty. finishing Researching and viewing Paula Schers work and designs show me how two or more very different styles, can collide together to form a unmarried artistic entity.The relation to other artists and art movements like futurism and constructivism with resemblance to the Dadaism all reflect Schers point of view towards the art she constructed. Its quite an inspiring to blend and merge two or three of the styles together emerging with a beautiful piece of work, but schers work was ground on taking completely unrelated topics such a s collage and typography. This work is a true divine and virtuoso of art as we know it.

Informative: Writing and Synthesis Essay

Informative Synthesis establish Outline Although at its to the highest degree basic level a synthesis involves unite two or more summaries, synthesis screen writing is more difficult than it might at first appear because this combining must be done in a meaningful way and the final attempt must generally be thesis-driven. In composition courses, synthesis commonly refers to writing ab protrude printed texts, drawing unneurotic particular themes or traits that you observe in those texts and organizing the material from each text according to those themes or traits.Synthesis Essay Outline The introduction (usually one separate) 1. Contains a one-sentence command that sums up the focus of your synthesis essay. 2. Also introduces the texts to be synthesized Gives the title of each source (following the citation guidelines of any(prenominal) stylesheet you are using) Provides the name of each author sometimes also provides pertinent background information about the authors of sy nthesis essay example, about the texts to be summarized, or about the general topic from which the texts are drawn. The dead body of a synthesis essayThis should be organized by theme, point, similarity, or aspect of the synthesis essay topics. Your organization will be determined by the assignment or by the patterns you see in the material you are synthesizing. The organization is the most burning(prenominal) part of a synthesis, so try out more than one format. Be sure that each paragraph of synthesis essay sample 1. Begins with a sentence or phrase that informs readers of the topic of the paragraph 2. Includes information from more than one source of synthesis essay examples 3.Clearly indicates which material comes from which source using occupy in phrases and in-text citations. Beware of plagiarism Accidental plagiarism most often occurs when students are synthesizing sources and do not indicate where the synthesis ends and their own input signals begin or misdeed verse. 4. Shows the similarities or differences between the different synthesis essay writing sources in ways that take out the paper as informative as possible 5. Represents the texts sanelyeven if that seems to weaken the paper Look upon yourself as a synthesizing machine. Conclusion.When you throw off finished your synthesis paper example, write a conclusion reminding readers of the most real themes you have found and the ways they connect to the boilersuit synthesis essay topics. You may also want to suggest further research or comment on things that it was not possible for you to discuss in the paper. If you are writing a background synthesis, in some cases it may be appropriate for you to put up an interpretation of the material or take a position (thesis). Check this option with your instructor before you write the final draft of your paper.Sometimes you may be asked to synthesize your own ideas, theory, or research with those of the texts you have been assigned. In your other co llege classes youll probably find yourself synthesizing information from graphs and tables, pieces of music, and art works as well. The key to any kind of synthesis is the same. Synthesis Essay formatting 1. The length of your paper should be 5-7 typed double-spaced summons with reasonable margins. This does not include your bibliography (or works cited). 2. Be undifferentiated in your use of bibliographic references include page numbers for quotes.List all works you cited at the end of your paper 3. As you use quotations to support your ideas, make sure you do not produce a paper of lengthy quotes strung together. If you quote three lines or fewer, the quote should not be bewilder off or indented but integrated into the text of your paper. 4. Do not use first person. 5. Connect ideas using linking devices and transitions. 6. Spend time outlining, organizing and editing your paper. Ideally, you cease find someone else to proof-read your paper. 7. When you are done editing, cog itate of a title, which best captures your thesis.Informative Writing and Synthesis EssayInformative Synthesis Essay Outline Although at its most basic level a synthesis involves combining two or more summaries, synthesis essay writing is more difficult than it might at first appear because this combining must be done in a meaningful way and the final essay must generally be thesis-driven. In composition courses, synthesis commonly refers to writing about printed texts, drawing together particular themes or traits that you observe in those texts and organizing the material from each text according to those themes or traits.Synthesis Essay Outline The introduction (usually one paragraph) 1. Contains a one-sentence statement that sums up the focus of your synthesis essay. 2. Also introduces the texts to be synthesized Gives the title of each source (following the citation guidelines of whatever stylesheet you are using) Provides the name of each author Sometimes also provides pertinen t background information about the authors of synthesis essay example, about the texts to be summarized, or about the general topic from which the texts are drawn. The body of a synthesis essayThis should be organized by theme, point, similarity, or aspect of the synthesis essay topics. Your organization will be determined by the assignment or by the patterns you see in the material you are synthesizing. The organization is the most important part of a synthesis, so try out more than one format. Be sure that each paragraph of synthesis essay sample 1. Begins with a sentence or phrase that informs readers of the topic of the paragraph 2. Includes information from more than one source of synthesis essay examples 3.Clearly indicates which material comes from which source using lead in phrases and in-text citations. Beware of plagiarism Accidental plagiarism most often occurs when students are synthesizing sources and do not indicate where the synthesis ends and their own comments begin or vice verse. 4. Shows the similarities or differences between the different synthesis essay writing sources in ways that make the paper as informative as possible 5. Represents the texts fairlyeven if that seems to weaken the paper Look upon yourself as a synthesizing machine. Conclusion.When you have finished your synthesis paper example, write a conclusion reminding readers of the most significant themes you have found and the ways they connect to the overall synthesis essay topics. You may also want to suggest further research or comment on things that it was not possible for you to discuss in the paper. If you are writing a background synthesis, in some cases it may be appropriate for you to offer an interpretation of the material or take a position (thesis). Check this option with your instructor before you write the final draft of your paper.Sometimes you may be asked to synthesize your own ideas, theory, or research with those of the texts you have been assigned. In your other college classes youll probably find yourself synthesizing information from graphs and tables, pieces of music, and art works as well. The key to any kind of synthesis is the same. Synthesis Essay Format 1. The length of your paper should be 5-7 typed double-spaced pages with reasonable margins. This does not include your bibliography (or works cited). 2. Be consistent in your use of bibliographic references include page numbers for quotes.List all works you cited at the end of your paper 3. As you use quotations to support your ideas, make sure you do not produce a paper of lengthy quotes strung together. If you quote three lines or fewer, the quote should not be set off or indented but integrated into the text of your paper. 4. Do not use first person. 5. Connect ideas using linking devices and transitions. 6. Spend time outlining, organizing and editing your paper. Ideally, you can find someone else to proof-read your paper. 7. When you are done editing, think of a title, wh ich best captures your thesis.

Eavan Boland Personal Response

The poetry of Eavan Boland is clear,relateable and realistic. The stanzas in her poems are terse,but she manages to evoke strong feelings in the reader,e. g. the sense of apathy in The War Horse. Her poems are relateable because she is a contemporary poet and her alkalis generally involve the suburban culture. Her poetry is realistic because she elaborates and paints evocative pictures of ordinary sights like the harsh shyness of the Atlantic light (White hawthorn in the West of Ireland).In the following,I will express in more detail of my personal response to the poetry of Eavan Boland. The theme of War and Human damage is actually powerful and appealing to me. In The War Horse,she shows how pack living in suburbia can turn a blind eye to the war and suffering of others. The apathy of the people made the poet angry,she was sarcastic in the lines Why should we care/If a rose,a hedge,a crocus is uprooted/Like corpses,remote,crushed,mutialated? -it shows the nonchalance of the pe ople towards the distant suffering of others.In emphasis of the theme of war,the poet uses the horse as a metaphor of power the iron of his shoes as he stamps death/Like a mint on the ingenuous coinage of earth. The size,weight and force of the horse causes some damage and destruction,imitating the raw violence that is happening to those distant in Northern Ireland. As the horse leaves,the poet breathes relaxation this reminds her of her ancestors and she feels ashamed of herself as she is just as apathetic as the people in her neighbourhood,because she is also only observing the horse coming into her neighbourhood.Her blood is stillness with atavism,for a fleeting moment she is reminded of her ancestors whose lives were threatened but they fought back and had passion for the safety of others but she is ashamed for she used the subterfuge of curtains and became just as tough as her neighbours. The theme of war is further emphasized in Child of Our time. This poem deals with the tragic loss of life caused by war and engagement and it shows how all too often,it is the children who suffer.The childs final cry is one of pain and anguish. We,the public,the adults,the society should have made possible and supported a safe environment for that remove child We should have known how to instruct have failed. The fact that we cannot guarantee safety forour children is all the more frightening. The poet knows that she and others must learn from you dead in set up to rebuild society. Out of the destruction of the childs death by bombing,the poet grasps the possibility of learning and rebuilding.This one act of violence becomes a symbol for every act of violence in which innocent people are killed. Thus,sosiety is held responsible for the childs death Our times have robbed your cradle,but if a new language can be give then the child may not have died in vain. So,in my opinion,Boland effectively gets her point across to the readers the theme of war and I for on e,also believe that most people are apathetic towards war and that a new language should be found. (etc. )

Cultural Diversity – All Clients Who Seek Health Care Services

INTRODUCTION nuisance is an act or omission disallow and punished by law (The Collins Concise Dictionary Plus, Collins London and Glasgow 1990). Crime can be assignted against a person, place or company. In this essay 4 types of crimes testament be explained, defined and measured, along with prevalence and offender/victim characteristics. How do we define topographic point crimes, violent crimes, skilled crimes and lucre crimes? Property crimes are defined and categorised as household and vehicle larceny, burglary, arson, theft including shoplifting, pick pocketing, bag snatching, graffiti and vandalism Violent crimes, macrocosm homicide, kidnapping/abduction, assault, sexual assault, stalking, domestic violence and child abuse against a person White-collar crimes defined as crimes or activities that include theft, guile, deception, embezzlement harmful behaviours, environmental or health and safety hazards Internet crimes consisting of cyber-crimes, piracy, frauds, ide ntity theft, cyber-stalking, computer hacking and hate/harmful speech and obscene imagery.Also read Essay goose TheftWhat are property crimes, violent crimes, white-collar crimes and Internet crimes? Example of property crimes is breaking into a car and the stealing of a mobile ph matchless, trespassing into a property to commit an offence or the setting of fire to property. Unlike Property crimes, violent crimes are committed against a person and as such(prenominal)(prenominal) explained as the indecent assault of a person/s against their will, winning a life with or without intent to kill, taking of a person against their will or threats, force or violence against person. In general there is no agreed definition for white-collar crime. Rather, the term covers a range of pitiful activities or breach of regulative activities downstairstaken by highly regarded professionals/educated professional in positions of trust such as employer provides inadequate working conditions causin g knockout in the flesh(predicate) injury to employees or company director misleads shareholders about its financials and continues to operate regardless of its inability to pay debt.Internet crime is explained as the unauthorised access of and taking of financial records or sabotage of a persons computer, illegal downloading of movies or songs and bogus websites set up to entice the unsuspecting person to give access to their personal details and accounts. How do we measure property crimes, violent crimes, white-collar crimes and Internet crimes? We can measure detected and account property crime via administrative data.Administrative data gives a high level of property crime reporting, mainly because there is less fear or shame from reporting of property crimes and also law of nature reports are often required for insurance reporting requirements. Its limitation is it does non encompass undetected and unreported crime known as the dark account of crime (Coleman & Moynihan, 1996). Detected and reported violent crime can be measured using administrative data. Violent crime can also be measured by victimization and researcher surveys where victims do not report crime for various reasons such as victims often knowing the offender and/or fear of reprisal.The Australian Bureau of Statistics Administrative data on crime victimisation can be derived from a number of sources including police, hospitals and community servicing agencies. Internet crimes have considerable lower reporting under administrative data due to the non detection or victims unaware they have been a victim of meshwork crime. We can measure network crime by surveys such as victimization surveys or measurement against the ongoing extent of the crime.White-collar crime with the exception of fraud under criminal law is extremely difficult to measure due to the complexity of each crime/activity, some activities are regarded as regulatory and not criminal and the interpretations of a crime/ac tivity can be perceived differently among victims. This type of crime/activity is generally picked up through regulatory audits, routine checks and investigation units such as specialized crime departments, police fraud or relevant regulators. Regardless of the different types of data and surveys available, no one reporting measure gives a true indicative picture of crime.How do we gather data on property crimes, violent crimes, white-collar crimes and Internet crimes? describe property crime and violent crime data can be gathered by using official crime statistics, police reports, corrective service reports, higher, magistrates and childrens courts of Australia, reports and insurance reports. Undetected and unreported data for violent crime data can be gathered via qualitative methods and quantitative surveys. more or less examples of such are The National Youth Survey, The Rand Tri-State Inmate Survey, The Liverpool Desistance Study, Snowball sampling, organizational and observa tional data.Researchers also gather data from past, present and/or incarcerated offenders as well as the general public which provide information not only about the prevalence of undetected and unreported crime further why people commit crimes. Gathering data on internet crime is difficult. Surveys such as the 2005 Australian computer crimes and security survey, conducted by AusCERT, Australian High Tech Crime Centre and various state, territory and federal police agencies provide an indicative sample.Researchers gather data from white-collar crimes through administrative data such as criminal fraud reports, victimization surveys, state and territory police agencies as well as the Australian Payments Clearing Association. Apart from fraud, gathering data on white-collar crime is extremely difficult as most victims dont report. What crime/activities have occurred is gathered via reports from police and security agencies and government reports. Some activities are written off by the victim in the hope that the behaviour/incident is not repeated.What do we know about the typical offenders and victims of property crime, violent crime, white-collar crime and Internet crime? There appears to be overwhelming evidence from research that supports the conclusion that age is a factor in spite of appearance property crime characteristics. There is a significantly higher representation that occurs in middle to late adolescence and subsides in early adulthood for property crime. This is cerebration to be associated with adolescent rebelliousness. An overlooked characteristic of youth is that they are also more seeming, statistically, to be victims of crime.The majority of crime victims are male under the age of 25. This is different to the popular belief that would suggest otherwise. It is often perceived that older people have a greater risk however, surveys have place that older people, and in particular women appear to be more fearful of crime not victims of crime. Violent crime has a gender differentiated nature. data suggests that approximately 80% of crimes are committed by males and 90% of violent crimes are committed by males. This is supported by convictions and prison populations. To understand the victims, it needfully to be broken down to more specific categories of violent crimes.For example, males tend to be victims of murder or attempted murder and assault, female are disproportionately represented as victims of sexual assault, kidnapping/abduction. Although males appear to be highly represented in both offenders and victim categories of violent crime, this does not appear to be the case at bottom categories of white-collar crime such as fraud. The ratio of female offenders to male offenders is higher than that of any other category with ratio of twain thirds male to one third female. There also appears to be an unusual relationship between repeat offenders and repeat victims.Many victims are victimised repeatedly. It is sugges ted that residencies with low chore rates are often the target of repeat burglaries. Prison populations also suggest a disproportionately higher population of repeat offenders. There appears to be little data that describes the victims or offenders in relation to internet crime. However, it could be hypothesized that a great proportion of male offenders would also be represented within this category. How much property crime, violent crime, white-collar crime and Internet crime is there in our community?Crime statistics for our local community has been drawn from strait-laced Police region 4 statistics. Statistics for postcode 3129, within this region for 2008 and 2009 using per 100,000 population suggests property damage, theft of and from ride vehicles and residential burglary had reduced substantially but violent crimes including crimes against the person and assault had increased. Internet crimes and white-collar crimes were not available. Statistics for the state of capital o f Seychelles indicated property crime such as robbery, burglary and theft or and from motor vehicles was down where as violent crimes such as assault had increased.Is property crime, violent crime, white-collar crime and Internet crime on the rise, is it stable or is it declining? Allowing for variations within reporting methods and survey results, there appears to be stable evidence that enter crime statistics show property crime declining for recorded break and put in or burglary and other theft including pick pocketing, bag snatching, shoplifting and bicycle theft. There also appears to be an increase in motor vehicle theft between 1996 and 2001 followed by a decline from 2001-2008.Recording rates for other theft in 2008 as with previous years suggests that it remains the most commonly reported property crime. Violent crime statistics indicate assaults as the most recorded since 1996, kidnapping statistics fluctuated from 1996 2008, homicide statistics also fluctuated but cont inued to be the 2nd lowest recorded and although the least recorded, there has been an overall increase on sexual assault since 1996. CONCLUSION There appears to be no uniform measurement system for meter crime. This leads to inconsistencies within the gathered data and the inability to compare between categories, regions and states.Notwithstanding the inaccuracies within the measurement system, property crime is largest represented category and at this stage internet crime has little representation within the data. Whilst we would love to agree with the typical media characterization of an offender, we cannot due to large variations within the data. However, we can suggest the most likely offender would be a young male adolescent committing a property crime. References Collins London and Glasgow (1990) The Collins Concise Dictionary Plus p. 299 Victoria Police News. My Police Crime Statistics for Your Area. Retrieved from http//www. icpolicenews. com. au/index. php? option=com_sta tistics&task=search Hennessey Hayes and Tim Prenzler (2009) An Introduction to Crime and Criminology 2nd Edition Pearson Education Australia Australian instal of Criminology. Selected Crime Profiles. Retrieved from http//www. aic. gov. au/en/publications/current%20series/facts/1-20/2009/2%20selected%20crime%20profiles. aspx Last modified 18 August 2009 Australian Institute of Criminology. Recorded Crime. Retrieved from http//www. aic. gov. au/publications/current%20series/facts/1-20/2009/1%20recorded%20crime. aspx. Last modified 17 March 2010

International Organization Based on the Assumption of Liberalism and Realism

Different theories explain why globalist organizations atomic number 18 createdWhich are basically a response to problems of sketchy information, transaction costs, and other barriers to efficiency and welfare mitigatement for their members. But different questions like do international organizations really do what their creators intend them to do?Do they really support member distinguishs in achieving their basic touch ons mutually? These critical questions and others of their likes can be analyzed to around extent by several theories proposed by different scholars in the field of international relations.Such theories are liberal, realism and constructivism but the concern of this work is on realism and liberal theory. International organization is a union or association of States, or of enterprises or of other national entities set up across national boundaries.Examples are Of States, are the get together Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) of enterprises Transnationa l Corporations (TNCs) include The Coca-Cola Company, Sony, McDonalds, Toyota, etc. Of other national entities are like Amnesty International International Olympic Committee, foundation Organization of the spy Movement, and the International Committee of the Red Cross.Around 30000 such(prenominal) organizations are active in about 300 countries and territory over the world. International organizations progressed after the Second World War, the gulf between the international government activity and formal organizational arrangement which began to open in ways that were non easy to reconcile. This organization faceed to strengthen in dealing with rising problems such as the extension of property right, environment protection and formal supernatural authority. The international organization was the answer on resolving collective problems.Public interestRefers to the net benefits derived for, and procedural rigor employed on behalf of, all society in relation to any action, decisi on or policy. Public whitethorn include the widest possible scope of society, example of individual(a)s and groups sharing a market place for goods and services (included those pass ond by organisation), as those seeking sustainable living warning and environment quality for themselves and future generations. Interests are all things valued by individual and society such as economical freedom, political designer gateway to political relation property right.Those things we seek to acquire and control are interest like ideas we aspire to and protections that are harmful. Realism theory views that world politics is dictated by competitive self-interest they believe that decisive dynamic among countries is a struggle for power in an effort by each to preserve or, preferably, mitigate its military security and economic welfare in competition with other countries.As an approach to international politics, realism can be traced to such ancient practitioners and thinkers as Sun Tzu (544-496 B. C) the Chinese general and the author of The Art of War Thucydides (460-399 B.C), a Greek historian and author of The History of the Peloponnesian War, and more recently showsmen such as Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) the Iron Chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under Prussian control. (Rourke 2012b p20)Liberal theoryStates are non simply black boxes seeking to hold out and prosper in an anarchic system. They are configurations of individual and group interests who then project interests into the international system through a particular kind of government. Survival may rattling well remain a key determination. But commercial interests or ideological beliefs may also be important.The conventional wisdom is that dry lands create and indicate to IOs because they provide essential functions. They provide customary goods, collect information, establish credible cargos, monitor agreements, and generally help states overcome problems associated with c ollective action and enhance individual and collective welfare.Notable philosopher advocating liberalism including Thomas Hill Green, John Rawls, John Lock, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill. Emanuel Kant, Jean Jacque Rousseau and the former USA presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt.It is true saying that international organizations based on the assumption that government aims at normal interest, this is because international organizations sees that the government at a large extent is the best solution for solving public problems and a representation of public interest at the same time. This connotation can be analyzed through the use of liberal and realism theories as follows. Realism theory as the first theory of international organization is used to prove right the above quotation as they assume that, endurance is the bargainer goal of every State. Realists hold states to be the main actors.It means that state control each and everything. Even if domestic help interests , strategic culture, or commitment to a set of national ideals would dictate more benevolent or co-operative international goals, the anarchy of the international system requires that States constantly ensure that all states posses some military efficiency, and they have sufficient power to defend themselves and advance their material interests necessary for survival. Survival of the state is important for every individual for example United States normally employs military power for the survival and to defend her national interests (Gulf war and Iraq war).(Wolfrum,2011)Realists believe in the anarchic structure of the international system as the some important determinant of state behavior. Realists believe that the international system exists in a state of anarchy a term that implies not chaos or absence of structure and rules, but rather the lack of a central government that can compel rules. Therefore order for the state to maintain public interest, a state makes use of the e conomic prosperity and military might to make decisions that are of much importance to the public.States will also act as best as they can in order to maximize their likelihood of the public and continuing to exist. (Ibid) Realists hold states to be rational actors. This means that given the goal of survival, States will act as best they can in order to maximize their likelihood of continuing to exist. Thus States may create international justness and international institutions, and may enforce the rules they codify. However, it is not the rules themselves that determine why a State acts a particular way, but instead the underlying material interests and power relations.A countrys foreign policy may reflect broad national objectives and the strategies governments use to guide their actions in the international arena. likewise a government extends the domestic interests to the international environment through the use of foreign policy that will guide the interaction of the state w ith other international actors like the international organizations. For example the foreign policy of Tanzania is aimed at developing the country through economic diplomacy, regional cooperation and multilateral relations.(ibid)Realism assume that all state posses military capacity and no any other state knows about neighbor intend precisely, thus the world is uncertain and dangerous, the only purpose of state is to defend the interest of the state, enable state to survive while promoting public interest against foreign invasion and occupation. Through government organs like judiciary, legislature and executive enforce laws to ensure achievement of public interest, where people have surrender their authority to the government to protect their liberty, life and property.People may ensure their safety through government from internal and external invasion or threats. (ibid) Liberal theory on the other hand is another theory of international relation which tries to explain the righte ousness of international organization on the assumption that government aims at public interest. This theory analyzes how government aims at providing public interest in several ways using its key assumptions as follows. Liberalism believes on democratic stability theory which rests on the observation that no two democratic states have ever asleep(p) to war with one another, and that democratic states rarely strike first.Liberals argue that democracies identify with one another because of their shared norms and values like the United States doesnt extremity to take Canada partly because each country believes that citizens have the right to choose their own government and consequently believe that conquering another country and enslaving its citizen is wrong. tho democracies are not dominated by the military and lie in the hands of an individual or a small group leaders are accountable to their people, who are often reluctant to see their children go to war.A variety of issues can dominate the international agenda. Unlike realist, liberals believe that national security does not always have to be of paramount importance economic, environmental issues, and human rights can all become the most important goal of a nation. Also in liberalism the ideas was international and they depend each other to solve certain problems for example the problems of hunger is not to Africa only but it is world-wide while they provide deferent aids to African.Also the problem of economic crises is the western countries problems but shacked till African due to lose aids and loans. The state acts in the liberal of law, and not acts outside the law. Liberals contend that people and the countries that represent them are capable of finding mutual interests and cooperation to achieve them at least in part by works through International organizations and according to International law. On the other hand liberals do not dismiss power as a factor, but they add up morality, ideology, emot ions (such as the friendship and mutual identity) and habit of cooperation.Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1718), he argued that in social contract (1762), that human had to join together in civil societies because they found it easier to improve their existence through cooperation than competitive self reliance. So in contemporary liberals in where each government aims at public interests they apply this notion to global society and argue that people and their countries can better their existence by joining together to build a cooperation and peaceful global society.In policy prescriptions liberals urges on creating norms of justice and peace, promoting and strengthening International Organizations in achieving peoples interests. Both classical and neo Liberals like Jean Jacques Rousseau and Wilson Woodrow on nature of politics, principles and cooperation as standards of international standards argue that people are not inherently political predators and are capable of achieving less c onflictive relations all through current government structures or new models of government.And on principle emphasis is on states to formulate their foreign policy according to cooperative and ethical standards to improve social, economic and political needfully of each member country they are not forced into organizations but according to their willingness and global challenges they face in providing publics social, political and economic needs, thus different states join organizations like UN, AU and EU which enables member states in achieving such interests.(Rourke 2005a, pp 17-22)Liberal international relation theory believes that government represents some segments of domestic society, whose interest are reflected in state policy. Consistent with the view that society, understood as an aggregate of autonomous individual and voluntary groups, is prior to the state. Liberal theories of politics accord a central place to the domestic institution that link state and society. Libe rals analyze such institutions primarily as mechanisms for the representation of social interests.The state is assumed to be representative to some set of social groups, although not all governments represents the entire population. For liberals, the principal agent relationship between the population and the state is thus a central issue. (Moravcsik,2010)In recommending the quotation that international organization based on the assumption that government aims at public interests in realism register of view states act as main actor on the insurance of public interest within international system, still on its loneliness seem to fail on defending public interest fulfillment a hundredpercent due to series of challenges, threats or obstacles that fade upon state survive on maintaining public interest.Example hunger, issue of security, outbreak of diseases, as well as economic recession problem that is common to third world countries. Therefore state regardless of its potentiality grap heme on public interest it must cooperate with non state actor be it international organization like UN or be it regional organization like NGOs, civil society for maximum public interest achievement.Under liberal perspective state seems to be with great role in public interest since it cooperate with another actors on making the availability of conducive environment for public interest attainment within their individual boundary. Although most of this cooperation is not two way traffic in such a way that only one which is powerful side benefit from this cooperation either bilateral or multilateral.Example north-south, Therefore cooperation is inevitable for proper prosperity of public but should be win-win or two way traffic cooperation. Therefore principal actors of the world politics remains nation-states, though they are not the only actors. The international system consists of nation-states, international organizations, and private actors, thousands of international organizati ons were established during the post-World War II era.The increasing number of international organizations is parallel to the increasing levels of economic, political, social and cultural transactions between individuals, societies and states in todays world which are operative in their respective fields reflecting preferences of states albeit non-state actors challenges and even weakens weaker states favor preferences of stronger states.

Philosophical outlooks and polemics between herbert marcuse

INTRODUCTIONThe middle of XX ampere-second marked new era in the western ism shaping of modern mass culture, aftersounds of the second serviceman War, growing opposition surrounded by heartyistic and capitalistic regimes caused emergence of a so-c every(prenominal)ed second crisis in a western social philosophy. The brightest representatives of that time philosophic paradigm were German American philosopher Herbert Marcuse, an offspring of a well-known Frankfurt school and native American philosopher Norman Oliver chocolate-brown.They represented ii different approaches in social philosophy. Being a witness of German stacks struggles during Nazi regime Marcuse formed his outlook as a leftist philosopher and sociologist get a partisan of a Freudian-Marxist philosophy. Pessimistic perspectives of Norman Brown on the contrary determined his apocalyptical mystical outlooks. These philosophical approaches of two brightest scientists of the last century need to be comp ared and strained.MAIN DISCUSSIONDuring the 1960s the philosophical debates between H. Marcuse and N. Brown concerning interpretation of Freudian ideas made a serious impact on the development of social philosophy. As J. Chytry (Chytry, 1989) believes, Norman Browns and Herbert Marcuses interpretations of Freud seemed to point to meaningful, and opposed, orientations for the New Left a new paradigm in social sciences during middle XX century. During this period of time Freud, as many another(prenominal) scientists believe, appeared as the successor to a superannuated, but not yet surpassed, Marxist project (Zaretsky, 2002). This discussion of Freudian ideas also influenced interpretations of aesthetics, culture and politics.In the middle of XX century both(prenominal) Marcuse and Brown developed own vision of Freudian ideas in a general philosophical and cultural context Two books of two philosophers written in the 1950s are captivating explorations of Freuds outlooks and the implications of psychoanalytical ideas of sexuality on human freedom. Herbert Marcuses Eros and Civilization, published first focused on the role of sexuality in forming of modern civilization and humans.The second is Life Against Death by Norman O. Brown who developed Freudian idea of inhibition and applied it to the general civilizations context. Generalizing the main ideas of two examinations its necessary to mention that both authors focused on remedial therapeutic strategies commensurate to cure diseased society of XX century infected by revolutionary ideas, aggression, intolerance etc. Orthodox psychoanalysis as both Brown and Marcuse believed suggests society a principle of reality and ethics of survival. The logics of this survival they, however, see in different manners. In a word, they stood on different psychological positions fit in to which society exists.The polemics between Marcuse and Brown wasnt literally a virtual one. Being close friends they often criticized philosophical outlooks of one another afterwards. Nevertheless that both philosophers were troubled with the same idea to help pinched society the visions of such help were different. Marcuse believed in the primacy of kick upstairs and technique that is to replace out of time relationships between great deal. Brown on the contrary believed in palliative imaginative escape from the hassles. With this one should define the main doctrines of two philosophers Marcuse stood on the ideas of rationality while Brown, in his turn, looked for imaginative escape from the reality.Norman Brown believed that repressed sexuality of people appears the primary reason for their aggression. To avoid aggressiveness of people Brown suggests his idea of polymorphous crotchetiness believing that each person and every part of the body are to be used in all-round sexual play (Myers, 2004). Brown in full supports Freuds idea of unconsciousness and develops it quite logically. He believed that psychoanalytical mechani sm of suppression serves negative function for people provoking their intolerance and aggression. Instead, Brown voted for variety of subliminal ideas to rational ones.As far as Eros is the primary subliminal drive of people Brown suggests to construct an erotic grit of reality that fashion to realize peoples implicit sexual desires. A primary goal of society, observing Brown is to establish chaos or anarchy where all people are free from anger and realize their sexual ambitions. Marcuse, however, believed that freedom could be achieved through transformation of technology writing that Freedom indeed depends for the most part on technical progress, on the advancement of science.To achieve this freedom Marcuse votes for the necessity of technological changes in accordance with the new sensible demands of the life instincts. Then, agree to Marcuse, one could speak of a technology of liberation, product of a scientific imagination free to project and design the forms of a human un iverse without exploitation and toil (Marcuse, 1966, p. 19).The Freudian Marxist Herbert Marcuse also inspired by Freudian symbolism believed in its crucial role in social and political contexts. He believed that revolutions, anger, freedom etc. are nothing more than symbolic ideas, objectives and events that have their roots in repressed peoples sexual energy. Nevertheless, on the contrast to Brown Marcuse saw final goal of the society in establishing of Marxist society where all people entrust finally be socially equal.These ideas are closely interrelated with further Marcuses ideas of One-dimensional men. Marcuse, along with Marxists blames free market and private property for all mans economic and social ills. He believes that these ills can be cured only by the abolition of private property. Brown in his turn believed that harmony means love and devotedness being, hence, more close in his ideas to Christian and Buddhist theologies.While Brown called for establishment of a n ew chaotic society Marcuse developed own vision of changes. He called for the renewing of the very fundamentals of society that would be modified by the elimination of class society.Suggesting himself more rational approach to Freudian interpretation Marcuse believed that Browns ideas completely contrast with practice he recognized Browns mad monism to be violenceless to bring about political and social improvement. Marcuse did not believe it likely to replace technology with some sort of mystical unity of man and nature. He, besides, considered that Freudian ideas fail in helping of peoples adjustment to society. With this Marcuse was appressed to Freud himself who was also pessimistic about achieving long-term benefits for society in general through psychoanalysis.Brown, in his turn, was looking for different psychoanalytically based solutions for peoples harmony. He believed that to reduce man to nothingness (a chaos) is to find a best solution to societys and peoples deepest problem, i.e. social existence. Brown believed that to achieve indestructible social harmony people are to forget of their superiority over other creature that, according to Freud, tierces to serious mental neuroses. According to Brown, when the idea of power and domination first emerged it appeared a reason for all problems. Marcuse, in his turn also supported this idea of peoples drive to the power as a strong reason for social problems and aggressions between people and nations.Marcuse, voting for rationality in societys development strongly objected Browns belief in schizophrenia as a normal state of a person. He considered the idea that schizophrenia should be in any sense a model for normal human behavior to be ludicrous. Contrasting Browns ideas of social escapism Marcuse believed that people could achieve social progress and harmony through reality and clear definition of existing problems. Escape from the reality, observing Marcuse, is not a solution at all instead, it w ill lead to furthermore social and political problems.Critically speaking, Browns ideas dont look so Utopian. Voting for living without repressions Brown shows society a feasible solution to achieve harmonic development. This solution lies in self-control and abnegation of people necessary to arrive them more tolerable and loyal to the others. Marcuse instead believed that self-denial is not a solution at all.The only working remedy that could cure ill society and make it indeed multi-dimensional (where all people will finally achieve their individuality and will not identify themselves with the state) is revolution. The only force that could make this revolution is lumpen proletarians. Illustrating these philosophic ideas in a more free manner one could say that Brown anticipated Hippys movement with their motto All you need is love while Marcuse on the contrary was a partisan of International and Marseillaise.Marcuse criticized Browns ideas of self-expression saying that theres no sense to to try to turn the assembly distinguish into a scene of self-expression, or to broadcast propaganda for culture and free thought. To achieve final self-expression of people its necessary, observing Marcuse, to change technological rationality itself, make it more people-centered and friendly.Critically observing Freudian ideas of Id, Ego and Superego Marcuse came to the conclusion that the only way to conciliate people and nations is to conciliate peoples rationality and irrationality. When rationality contrasts Eros, Marcuse believed, people establish the culture that is adverse to human nature and represses people permanently. A perfect illustrations of the struggle between rationality and repressed Eros, according to Marcuse are public Wars that were the results of peoples aggression.Being a partisan of technological progress Marcuse at the same time appealed to the aesthetic experience as a new locus of technological values. With this, he believed, people could fi nally become close with the nature and achieve peace, freedom, and fulfillment into the construction of technological rationality.CONCLUSIONSIn the middle of XX century philosophy focused on reinterpretation of Freudian psychoanalytical ideas. Herbert Marcuse and Norman Brown each developed personal vision of the issue. Reconsidering Freuds ideas of unconsciousness and focusing in the problem of repression they, nevertheless, pointed out different solutions necessary to make society more harmonic and free. While Marcuse concentrated on technological breakthrough in accordance with peoples deep demands, Brown believed in complete abolishment of technology and called for anarchy in peoples relationships.REFERENCES Brown, Norman O. (1985) Life Against Death. Middleton. CN Weslayan University Press. Second Edition. 1985.Chytry, Josef (1989). The aesthetic State A Quest in Modern German Thought Berkeley University of California Press.Marcuse, Herbert. (1966). Eros and Civilization A Phi losophical Inquiry into Freud. Beacon Press.Myers, Ellen (2004). precursor of New Age Madness A Critique of Norman O. Brown On-line article retrieved July, 23 from http//www.creationism.org/csshs/v13n1p07.htmZaretsky, Eli. (2003) Norman O. Brown, 1913-2003 Radical Philosophy, Issue 118.

Printing and its influence on the intellectual life Essay

The history of opinion dated back as too soon as 868 AD when the Chinese pulmonary tuberculosisd it to produce the earliest dated printed book known as the Diamond Sutra. However, it is believed that book impression may down occurred compensate before that. Around 1041, the mov sufficient form type printing organisation was first invented by Bi Sheng in China. Later on, the metal movable type was invented in Korea in 1230. At around 1450, a goldsmith named Johannes Gutenberg assembled a printing system from which the modern printing system was developed. At present, all movable type printing systems have been derived from the Gutenberg design.Thereafter, the aim of the printing system hastened the production of many books. As more books were produced, the production of manuscripts also declined. During that time, manuscript was the decreed form of publication for all printed communication theory on the scientific and literary sphere. Political and religious communications are slowly catching up to the printing trend. Concurrently, publishing entities soon emerged. Printing and publishing materialized as a profitable livelihood. It even became an essential tool for the dissemination of information.Clandestine manuscript production containing unconventional ideas were well produced and circulated due to the ease of its production. Evidently, printing and publishing had a profound impact on understanding life. Impact of Printing on Intellectual Life Prior to the advent of printing, everything had to be done by hand. Think of it as diaries or journals, religious and medieval manuscripts are prepared by monks by copy the text. Biblical manuscripts and other books were handwritten and copied from a portion of the text source. These handwritten copies of books consist of attempts to reconstruct the schoolmaster text.During that era, manuscripts were used as the means of storing and disseminating information, and the manuscript culture was basically domi nated by monks until its transition to the grocery in the cities, a yearn with the rise of universities. When Gutenberg introduced his printing system, it marked an improvement, at first, on the production of manuscripts, then on the production of books. His system rotary motionized Europes book-making process that the technology expanded throughout the continent. Books were produced faster than before. double-quick production of books means one thing an increase of literacy.With this widespread increase in literacy rate, intellectual quests took off. The pile have become thirsty for more knowledge, and printing became an essential tool to advance the academic pursuits. Gutenbergs printing system, regarded as the most important invention of the second millennium, has been a key factor in the European Renaissance. With his printing system, the cultural movement easily spread throughout Europe. It allowed the people easy entrance money to books. In addition, the invention of the printing system helped in the assimilation of Greek and Arabic knowledge.Classical and quaint ideas, which were lost through time have been revived and disseminated. The rebirth of these ideas fuelled the quest for rediscovery of ancient knowledge that had been long forgotten. While these old ideas were revived, novel thought were also spawned and disseminated. Combined with the technology of printing, intellectual pursuits were easily advanced. The printing technology also facilitated the social and political upheavals at that time through the dissemination of clandestine printed articles containing unpredictable views that challenged mainstream thought.Thus, printing afforded wide latitude of political freedom. It made the political atmosphere conducive for the advancement of radical ideas. Printing and publishing also contributed to the transformation of scientific thought. Fundamentals in physics, astronomy and biology were easily propagated with the use of printed materials. Ancient science has been easily superseded with the dissemination of these new ideas. Thus, the scientific revolution ensued. The scientific revolution paved the way for modern science as we know today.Galilei, Copernicus, Kepler, Newton and the others questioned the foundation of the old science. Their ideas contradicted the normal ideas at that time. Theoretical developments, thus, emerged. The printing system facilitated the propagation of Copernicus work on the heliocentric model of the solar system. In the 16th century, Copernicus contended that the sun is the center of the solar system. This was received with opposition from the church. The church firmly adhered to geocentrism, which displace the earth as the center of the universe.With the help of the printing system, information regarding Heliocentrism was easily dispersed. With printing and publishing, these brilliant minds were able to easily communicate their knowledge through scholarly journals. It resulted to a great er awareness of things, which were previously unfathomed from the general public. Dissemination of information gave an understanding of the information dispersed. With printing, the process was rapidly spread across Europe. Printed articles of holy thought were reprinted and widely spread.A curiosity on all things were intellectual was aroused. People have begun to charter in intellectual discussions hence, books have become a commodity. Book production evolved into a commercial enterprise. Accordingly, secure laws were passed to protect these artistic and literary creations. This legal notion was conceptualized as a reaction to the advent of printing. Charles II of England was apprehensive about the unregulated production and copying of books. Moreover, printing helped established the standards of spelling and syntax.The English voice communication also emerged as the language commonly used in most published works thus, the use of Latin declined. On the religious end, printing also facilitated the Protestant Reformation. The movement was started an attempt to reform the Catholic Church. At that time, the Churchs hierarchy was plagued with corruption. Many Catholics observed that false doctrines and malpractices were carried out. This corruption was seen as even reaching the position of the Pope. With the printing press, the reform movement advanced the culture of Biblical literacy.By the translating the password and making it available to the masses, the message was dispersed and made it more affable for the public. Moreover, Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk, also raised his protests against the Catholic Church. He discussed his discontent of the Churchs sale of indulgences. Because of the printing system, the swift dissemination of discontent was facilitated. reading relating to Luthers theological teachings was dispersed in the form of broadsheets, to the poor sector of society. These broadsheets evolved into newspapers.Presently, newspapers are th e most tender tools for public information and written journalism. Information relating to political events, business and the society, among others, are disseminated. The wide circulation of newspapers as a means of communication was largely due to the advances of printing. Printing presses accelerated the process of making newspapers. With printing, intellectual innovations have progressed into something that we have today. The printing system has been a valuable tool in the dissemination of knowledge and information. serviceman advancements in the field of science, artistic and literary domain have been realized. The rapid dispersal of information is due to the fast production of books and other scholarly articles. These would not have been realized were it not for printing. The invention of printing assisted in the proliferation of new thought. Ideas, both old and new, were unearthed. Ancient knowledge was rediscovered. Dissemination thereof was requirement in order to inform the general public thereof. The innovation of printing and publishing helped pushed these ideas to the open, making it accessible for the public to see.

City Life Essay

City behavior has got to be one of the most provoke places to live. more sight seem to think metropolis life is too fast paced or too mold for them to please a city life. Living in the city for me seems to be one of the most exciting places to be. Hearing all of the hustle and bustle going on outside of my house, seems to give me a since, that I am not alone in this world. There are legion(predicate) reasons I love the city life, but thither are three main reasons and they are entertainment, transporation and cost, and being able to experiences ethnic diversity.To find with, there are many reasons I like the city life. Entertainment is the most exciting smash about city life. For instance, being able to go out and have a good judgment of conviction at any bar within walking distance from my house is one of the greatest pluses to lifespan in the city. There are overly a lot of theaters to go and see shows. Besides this, cities also provide many fine opportunities for amuse ment and recreation. In every city there are a number of cinema houses and theatres, where we can enjoy the best pictures and dramatic performance.There are also a number of restaurants and hotels where we can get food, tea, etc, of the finest quality. There are also many parks and gardens where we can enjoy natural beauty at is best. The markets of the city, specially when brilliantly lighted at night, are better than many exhibitions and fairs. Futhermore, transportation is very accessible in the city. Transportation and costs is a factor that many mint think about when moving cities tend to have public transportation because of traffic congestion.The city life offers many means of public transportation which includes taxis, buses, subways, and airports. When you live the city, there is always public transportation for slew to get around. You can easily catch or call a taxi, ride the local bus, the subway, and others. So, if a person in the city doesnt have the money to buy a ca r, they can dumb find a way to make it to work or get around to do daily errands. The public transportation system also gives teenagers a way to hangout with friends, and find things to do in or around town.Without available public transportation, people must always have a authoritative car to get around. Finally, Experiencing cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or variety cultures. The concept of moral principle cultural diversity has a very wide scope and is being practiced by people and organizations all over the world. Experiencing a new ethic or creed can open you up to many new things, which includes language, different foods, etc. Discussing different cultures with people of another country can second give you an idea of how different the States is from other places.Sometimes Americans only think about America and not how other countries do things. Talking to someone of another country gives more respect for them and there countries. You learn how different they live and it makes you appreciate their way of life story. In Conclusion, there are many advantages and disadvantages of living in the city compared to living in the country. Living in the city can be a very exciting place to live and work. Entertainment, Transportation and costs, and experiences ethnic diversity are a a few(prenominal) reasons why living in the city is beneficial than the country.

Their Eyes Were Watching God †Rebirth of Transcendentalism Essay

A blow elapsed betwixt the tip of transcendentalism and the publication of Zora Neale Hurstons novel, Their Eyes Were reflexion God. During this time, the philosophies of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau faded as the post-war sequence of social realism began to dominate Ameri fuck culture and American literature. Thus, Their Eyes, published in 1937, was scorned and criticized by landy for not being political or serious enough.It was not until twenty years afterward Hurstons death that peck began to appreciate Hurstons works, especially Their Eyes, as important literatures in the African American and the American feminist movements. With further analysis, although Their Eyes is a modern novel, it actually takes the readers cover to the period of Thoreau and Emerson Their Eyes Were Watching God possesses elements of transcendentalism self-reliance, nonconformity, and the over- mind as supported by the essays of transcendentalist thinkers.To begin, a fundamental m otif of transcendentalism is self-reliance, which stresses a persons own judgment and intuition. Janie, the protagonist of Their Eyes, shows self-reliance when she uses her own judgments for the struggles she faces. For example, as she realizes that her marriage with Jody is tumbling down, she saw that it never was the flesh and blood figure of her dreams. Just something she had grabbed up to pall her dreams over. She had an inside and an outside now and suddenly she knew how not to mix them (Hurston, 72).Janie knows her goals and desires, both are which shattered by Jody, so she must now distinguish the difference between the lies and the truth of her dream. Together with courage, her intuition gives her the enduringness to speak up to Jody on his death bed. Moreover, when she finally finds the love of her life, she feels a self-crushing love, allowing her soul to crawl from its privateness place (Hurston, 128). She doesnt hide her feelings but goes to pursue her lover, aftern oon tea Cake. She is strong- get out and has control over her feelings and thoughts. hitherto tea Cake encourages Janie to use her own mind, Nobody else on earth kin hold uh candle tuh you, baby. You got de keys to de domain (Hurston, 109). As Emerson would say that Janie possesses transcendentalist ideals because, She has the integrity of her own mind What she must do is all that concerns her, not what the people think (Emerson, 80). Her past experiences and her present judgments lead Janie to maker her own path in the future. Only when Janie relies on herself and holds her keys to de kingdom does she find her happiness and reach her dream.Furthermore, another element of transcendentalism is nonconformity, or individualism, which stresses the importance of conclusion ones identity instead of giving in to society. Emerson explains nonconformity as the great man who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude (Emerson 80). Janie shows exact ly this on the solar day she arrives back in Eatonville. Dressed in her blue satin dress, she confidently walks past the women and men, ignoring their hurtful gossips and leaving them in awe. Despite her solitude due to Tea Cakes death, Janie welcomes her independence she is perfectly at simplicity with herself.Moreover, Thoreau also writes about nonconformity he writes, The only bargain which I have a recompense to assume is to do at any time what I think right They only can force me who obey a higher law than I (Thoreau, 104). Janie shares Thoreaus attitude when she stands up to both of her late preserves and declares what she believes is right. Logan tells her that she doesnt belong anywhere but Its wherever Ah need yuh (Hurston, 31). This is probably the vanquish thing he can say to his newlywed its hurtful, disparaging, and disrespectful.However, unlike all the other women, such as Nanny, during the time, Janie stands up for herself by yelling back at his wrongs so she can gain back her independence and dignity. As for Jody a husband who makes her tie her hair back, denies her of speech and social interaction, and abuses her Janie finally takes up the courage to tell the truth at his deathbed. All dis bowin down, all dis obedience under yo voicedigital audiotape aint whut Ah rushed off down de road tuh find out about you (Hurston, 86). Jody has small her hopes and dreams and her image of love, and shes not about to let him forget that.She would not obey she has no obligation to obey. After Jodys death, Janie is finally free. Even more, she feels no remorse and she doesnt mourn because the lost of her husband gives her back her individuality. Last but not least, the over-soul is another focal point of transcendentalism it connects God, Nature, and piece. Emerson writes in his essay, Over-soul, We represent in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the soul of the whole the saucy silence the universal beauty, t o which every part and particle is equally related the eternal One (Emerson, Over-soul).This over-soul connects the abject pieces of the universe together. Hurstons Their Eyes contains many details that support the over-soul. For instance, in the beginning Janie saw a dust-bearing bee sink into the sanctum of a bloom the thousand sister-calyxes arch to meet the love embrace and the ecstatic shiver of the tree form root to tiniest branch creaming in every blossom and frothing with make whoopie (Hurston, 11). This imagery of the bee and the flower symbolizes Janies dream. The bee and the flower coexisted in harmony, just like what Janie hopes her marriage will be.This is Janies innocent soul as depicted by nature. Later on however, as shes obligate into marrying a man she doesnt love, she begins to know the words of the trees and the wind. She often spoke to make passing seeds and said, Ah hope you fall on soft ground Janies first dream was dead, so she became a woman (Hurston 2 5). As she begins to mature more, she also begins to understand the sound of nature. Nature and Janies souls appear to be one, united and maturation together. She talks to the seeds, warning them, sympathizing with them of a world that can be disappointing and unfair.Finally, after she shoots her beloved Tea Cake in order to protect herself, Hurston writes that Janie pulled in her horizon like a great fish-net. Pulled it from or so the waist of the world and draped it over her shoulder. So much of life in its meshes She called in her soul to come and see (Hurston, 193). Although it was a tragic and sudden death, Janie is in peace. The love of Tea Cake will not be forgotten because he will always be with her. Janie now understands the mysteries of nature and her world she is ready for whatever that may come. Janie has learned and grown, most importantly, she has found her soul.All in all, a century later, Their Eyes Were Watching God leads to the rebirth of transcendentalist ideas, including but not limited to self-reliance, nonconformity, and the over-soul. Throughout her journey, Janie begins to identify herself as a self-reliant individual with a soul, all of which are transcendental characteristics. In the mid 1900s, because of the on going civil rights movements, an African American woman is the least expected person to posses all these traits. Even so, Janie Crawford becomes a prominent literature figure that gives people hopes and dreams, while fulfilling those of Emerson and Thoreau.Bibliography Emerson, Ralph Waldo. From Self-Reliance. The InterActive Reader Plus. Illinoise McDougal Littell, 2003. 78-83. Print. Ferguson, Craig. Ralph Waldo Emerson Within Man Is the Soul of the Whole the Wise Silence the Universal Beauty Transcendental MeditationBlog. N. p. , 27 Mar. 2010. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. . Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God A Novel. New York Perennial Library, 1990. Print. Thoreau, Hentry David. From Civil Disobedience. The Inter Active Reader Plus. Illinoise McDougal Littell, 2003. 90-105. Print.

Supply Chain of Amul

ARAVALI INSTITUE OF MANAGEMENT (An institution of Marwar Education Foundation) Term Paper on write out Chain of AMUL Submitted toSubmitted by Dr. Parikshit CharanSunil Kansara PGP II PGDM (S) Section A Roll No. 30 muniment Amul was mildew every last(predicate)(prenominal)y registered on December 14, 1946. The brand shout out Amul, pertinaciousced from the Sanskrit word Amoolya, means priceless. It was suggested by a caliber control expert in Anand and it was elect because it was a perfect acronym for Anand draw kernel Limited.The Amul revolution was started as awargonness among the farmers. It grew and matured into a protest movement that was channeled towards economic prosperity Over five decades ago, the feel of an average farmer in Kheda District was very much like that of his/her counterpart anywhere else in India. His/her income was derived almost stainlessly from seasonal crops. The income from draw buffaloes was undependable. draw producers had to travel long dist ances to deliver take out to the precisely dairy farm, the Polson Dairy in Anand often milk went sour, especi anyy in the summer season, as producers had to physically track d experience milk in individual containers. Private traders and middlemen controlled the marketing and scattering arranging for the milk. These middlemen decided the prices and the off-take from the farmers by the season. As milk is perishable, farmers were compelled to sell it for whatever they were offered. Often, they had to sell cream and ghee at throw-away prices.In this situation, the private trader do a killing. More all over, the government at that clipping had given monopoly rights to Polson Dairy, which was run by a person of Parsi descent, ( some that condemnation Polson was the most substantially known butter brand in the field) to pull in milk from Anand and supply to Mumbai urban center in turn (about 400 kilometers away). Another problem farmers faced was that in winter the milk rai lroad siding of buffaloes doubled which caused prices to fall down even out further. India ranked nowhere amongst milk producing countries in the world in 1946.Gradually, the realization dawned on the farmers with inspiration from then nationalist leaders Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (who later became the first Home diplomatic minister of free India) and Morarji Desai (who later become the Prime Minister of India) and local farmer, freedom fighter and social histrion Tribhovandas Patel, that the exploitation by the trader could be reserveed all if they marketed their milk themselves. Amul was the result of the realization that they could kitty up their milk and work as a cooperative Setting up of Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers UnionIn the early 40s, the main sources of earning for the farmers of Kaira regulate were farming and change of milk. That time there was high need for milk in Bombay. The main supplier of the milk was Polson dairy limited, which was a privat ely owned smart set and held monopoly over the supply of milk at Bombay from the Kaira soil. This administration leads to exploitation of poor and illiterates farmers by the private traders. The traders used to beside the prices of milk and the farmers were forced to accept it without uttering a single word.However, when the exploitation became intolerable, the farmers were frustrated. They collectively appealed to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who was a leading activist in the freedom movement. Sardar Patel advised the farmers to sell the milk on their own by establishing a co-operative northern, Instead of supplying milk to private traders. Sardar Patel sent the farmers to Shri Morarji Desai in order to gain his co-operation and help. Shri Desai held a meeting at Samarkha crossroads near Anand, on 4th January 1946. He advised the farmers to form a society for collection of the milk.These village societies would collect the milk themselves and would decide the prices at which they can sell the milk. The district union was to a fault form to collect the milk from such village co-operative societies and to sell them. It was also inflexible that the Government should be asked to buy milk from the union. However, the govt. did not seem to help farmers by any means. It gave the detrimental response by turning down the demand for the milk. To respond to this action of govt. , the farmers of Kaira district went on a milk strike. For 15 whole days not a single drop of milk was exchange to the traders.As a result the Bombay milk scheme was severely affected. The milk commissioner of Bombay then visited Anand to assess the situation. Having seemed the condition, he decided to fulfill the farmers demand. Thus their cooperative unions were forced at the village and district level to collect and sell milk on a cooperative basis, without the intervention of Government. Mr. Verghese Kurien showed main inte respite in establishing union who was supported by Shri Tribhuv andas Patel who lead the farmers in forming the Co-operative unions at the village level.The Kaira district milk producers union was then established in ANAND and was registered formally on 14th December 1946. Since farmers sold all the milk in Anand by dint of a co-operative union, it was commonly resolved to sell the milk under the brand name AMUL. At the initial stage only 250 liters of milk was collected everyday. But with the growing aw atomic number 18ness of the benefits of the cooperativeness, the collection of milk increased. Today Amul collect 11 lakhs liters of milk everyday. Since milk was a perishable commodity it becomes difficult to cover milk flora prolonged period.Besides when the milk was to be collected from the far places, there was a fear of spoiling of milk. To overcome this problem the union thought out to develop the chilling unit at various junctions, which would collect the milk and could chill it, so as to preserve it for a longer period. Thus, today Amul has more(prenominal) than 150 chilling centers in various villages. Milk is collected from almost 1073 societies. With the fiscal help from UNICEF, assistance from the govt. of New Zealand under the Colombo plan, of Rs. 50 millions for factory to manufacture milk disintegrate and butter was planned.Setting Up of Gujarat cooperative Milk merchandise partnership In 1954, Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers Union built a plant to convert surplus milk produced in the cold seasons into milk powder and butter. In 1958, a plant to manufacture cheese and one to produce baby diet were added. Subsequent years saw the addition of more plants to produce antithetic harvestings. In 1973, the milk societies/district level unions decided to set up a marketing agency to market their intersection points. This agency was the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF).It was registered as a co-operative society on 9 July 1973 COMPANY compose THE TASTE OF INDIA, AMUL com es from the Sanskrit word Amoolya, means priceless. It was suggested by a select control expert in Anand and it was chosen because it was a perfect acronym for Anand Milk Union Limited. AMUL was formed under the dairy cooperative movement in India in 1946 The Amul Pattern has established itself as a uniquely appropriate model for rural development. Amul has spurred the exsanguine Revolution of India, which has made India the largest producer of milk and milk harvest-times in the world.It is also the worlds biggest vegetarian cheese brand . The system succeeded mainly because it pass ons an assured market at remunerative prices for producers milk besides acting as a channel to market the production enhancement package. Whats more, it does not disturb the agro-system of the farmers. It also enables the consumer an approach to high feel milk and milk products. Contrary to the traditional system, when the acquire of the business was cornered by the middlemen, the system ensured t hat the profit goes to the participants for their socio-economic upliftment and common good.Looking back on the path traversed by Amul, the fol slumping features make it a conventionalism and model for emulation elsewhere. Amul has been able to ? Produce an appropriate blend of the policy makers farmers board of management and the professionals distributively group appreciating its rotes and limitations, ? Bring at the command of the rural milk producers the best of the technology and harness its produce for betterment. ? Provide a support system to the milk producers without disturbing their agro-economic systems, ?Plough back the profits, by wise use of men, material and machines, in the rural sector for the common good and betterment of the member producers and ? all the same though, growing with time and on scale, it has remained with the smallest producer members. In that sense. Amul is an example par excellence, of an intervention for rural change. judicature structure I t all started in December 1946 with a group of farmers keen to free themselves from intermediaries, gain access to markets and thereby ensure maximum returns for their efforts.Based in the village of Anand, the Kaira District Milk Cooperative Union (better known as Amul) expanded exponentially. It joined hands with other milk cooperatives, and the Gujarat earnings now covers 2. 12 million farmers, 10,411 village level milk collection centers and fourteen district level plants (unions) under the overall supervision of GCMMF. There argon similar federations in other states. Right from the beginning, there was recognition that this opening night would directly benefit and transform small farmers and contribute to the development of society.Markets, then and even today, are unmannered and poor in infrastructure. Amul and GCMMF acknowledged that development and growth could not be left to market forces and that proactive intervention was required. Two key requirements were identified . The first, that sustained growth for the long term would depend on unified supply and demand. It would need heavy investment in the simultaneous development of suppliers and consumers. Second, that effective management of the network and commercial vi competency would require professional managers and technocrats.To implement their vision while retaining their concentrate on farmers, a vertical network of cooperatives was developed, which today forms the robust supply bowed stringed instrument behind GCMMFs endeavors. The big and complex supply chain str and so ones from small suppliers to large fragmented markets. Management of this network is made more complex by the fact that GCMMF is directly responsible only for a small part of the chain, with a second of trio ships bon ton players ( electrical distributors, retailers and logistics support providers) playing large roles.Managing this supply chain economicly is critical as GCMMFs competitive gravel is driven by lo w consumer prices supported by a low cost system. The Union looks later policy formulation, processing and marketing of milk, provision of technical inputs to enhance milk yield of animals, the artificial insemination service, veterinarian address, better feeds and the like all through and through the village societies. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL Amul products are available in over 500,000 PLUS retail outlets across India through its network of over 3,500 distributors.There are 47 depots with dry and cold warehouses to buffer enrolment of the entire eye socket of products. GCMMF transacts on an advance demand lottery basis from its wholesale dealers instead of the cheque system adopted by other major FMCG companies. This habituate is consistent with GCMMFs philosophy of maintaining cash transactions passim the supply chain and it also minimizes dumping. Wholesale dealers take on inventory that is just enough to take care of the transit time from the branch warehouse to their pr emises.This just-in-time inventory strategy improves dealers return on investment (ROI). only GCMMF branches engage in route scheduling and give dedicated vehicle operations Establishing best practices A key source of competitive advantage has been the enterprises ability to continuously implement best practices across all elements of the network the federation, the unions, the village societies and the distribution channel. In develop these practices, the federation and the unions permit adapted successful models from around the world.It could be the instruction execution of small group activities or quality circles at the federation. Or a TQM political program at the unions. Or housekeeping and good accountancy practices at the village society level. More important, the network has been able to regularly roll out receipts programs across to a large function of members and the implementation rate is consistently high. For example, every Friday, without fail, between 10. 0 0 a. m. and 11. 00 a. m. , all employees of GCMMF meet at the closest office, be it a department or a branch or a depot to discuss their various quality concerns.Each meeting has its pre-set format in term of Purpose, Agenda and Limit (PAL) with a process check at the end to record how the meeting was conducted. akin(predicate) processes are in place at the village societies, the unions and even at the wholesaler and C means levels as well. Examples of benefits from recent maidens include simplification in transportation time from the depots to the wholesale dealers, improvement in ROI of wholesale dealers, implementation of Zero line of business Out through improved availability of products at depots and also the implementation of Just-in-Time in finance to trim the float.Kaizens at the unions have helped improve the quality of milk in terms of acidity and sour milk. (Undertaken by multi-disciplined teams, Kaizens are highly focussed projects, reliant on a structured approa ch based on data gathering and analysis. ) For example, Sabar Unions records show a reduction from 2. 0% to 0. 5% in the amount of sour milk/curd received at the union. The most impressive medical prognosis of this large-scale roll out is that improvement processes are turning the village societies into individual improvement centers. Supply Chain of AmulConsumers expect marketers to deliver products in the locations and forms they require. To meet expectations of such demanding consumers, alignments of our four Distribution Highways of Fresh, Chilled, Frozen and ambient products were already made by introducing Project DIL. Subsequently, a major initiative was taken to enhance distribution network to smaller towns. About 1200 distributors in small towns across India were added during this initiative. Today about 3000 Distributors ensure availability of our products across India, whether it is in Leh or Lakshadweep, in Kutch or Arunachal.Simultaneously, to augment fresh milk distri bution in various markets of India, approximately 1400 exclusive Milk Distributors have been inducted. ? AMUL has the largest cold chain network in India (i. e. 18000 refrigerators) as compared to any other company. The chemical components of milk are water, SNF and solids. Milk is very perishable product so it has to be consumed within 24 hours. In order to avoid wastage AMUL converts the milk in to SNF and milk solids by evaporating the water, which comprises up to 60-70% of milk contents. This is possible only if the distribution channel right from the producer to the consumer is well organized.It get out be surprising to know that AMUL makes even the Sarpanch to eat pizza i. e. it supplies pizzas even to rural market. ? delay year, theye divided the retail market into 14 specific segments to pass further distribution efficiency. This year our focus was on inducting distributors having expertise in servicing such specific market segments. This initiative is yielding results by way of ensuring wider availability of our product range. ? The role of distributors in our business process has never been more various(a) or more important, as it is today.As a matter of fact, we consider our Distributor to be the real Marketing Manager of our organization. To enhance business causeance of our Distributors, a whole caboodlehop on Marketing and gross revenue Management was designed in collaboration with a premier business school. The objective of the entire initiative was to upgrade the knowledge of our Distributors in terms of contemporary Business Management Practices, so that they can perform well not only as our business partner but also as Marketing Managers. During the year, 659 Distributors have undergone this programme in 39 locations. Cold Storage is an extremely essential component n the Federations distribution process. Unfortunately, availability of efficient cold storage facilities is grossly inadequate in our country. To cope up with the increasing need of suitable cold stores closer to our markets, we have continued our try of creating the Federations own cold stores this year in various locations across the country. We now own 24 state-of- the art cold rooms of different sizes. ? To get an exposure to our cooperative structure, our culture as well as operational systems and processes, every year we invite our distributors, major retailers and other business partners to Anand, for Amul Yatra.So far, about 7000 Distributors and other business partners have participated in this Amul Yatra. ? Over recent years, the Federation has successfully introduced unexampled product lines. This year, in order to leverage their distribution network strengths, to optimize market supervision expenditures, to achieve increasing efficiency while keeping the distribution infrastructure lean, focussed and productive, the Federation amalgamated its different distribution networks. Today, they operate an efficient distribution infrastructure con sisting of 46 sales offices, catering to 3,000 distributors and five lac retailers. approximately every Federation stockist has visited Anand to participate in a unique programme called Amul Yatra. During this programme, stockists are exposed to the Federation Philosophy, the culture of Cooperation, as well as operational Systems and Processes. The Federation has also invited distributors salesmen from all over the country to Anand for a training program focused on the Federations philosophy and developing their selling skills. AMUL is a dairy cooperative in the western India that has been primarily responsible, through its innovative practices, for India to become the worlds largest milk producer.The distinctive features of this paradigm involves managing a large decentralized network of suppliers and producers, simultaneous development of markets and suppliers, lean and efficient supply chain, and breakthrough leadership. Every day Amul collects 447,000 litres of milk from 2. 12 m illion farmers , converts the milk into branded, packaged products, and delivers goods worth(predicate) Rs 6 crore (Rs 60 million) to over 500,000 retail outlets across the country. To implement their vision while retaining their focus on farmers, a hierarchical network of cooperatives was developed, this today forms the robust supply chain behind GCMMFs endeavors.The vast and complex supply chain stretches from small suppliers to large fragmented markets. Management of this network is made more complex by the fact that GCMMF is directly responsible only for a small part of the chain, with a number of third party players (distributors, retailers and logistics support providers) playing large roles. Managing this supply chain efficiently is critical as GCMMFs competitive position is driven by low consumer prices supported by a low cost system of providing milk at a sanctioned, affordable price.THE BUSINESS MODEL From the very beginnFng, in the early 1950s, AMUL adopted the network as the basic model for long-term growth. The network explicitly includes tributary service to the farmer-suppliers. Several of the entities in the network are organized as cooperatives linked in a hierarchical fashion. Customers In comparison with developed economies, the market for dairy products in India is still in an evolutionary stage with tremendous potential for high cling to products such as ice cream, cheese etc.The distribution network, on the other hand, is quite reasonable with access to rural areas of the country. Traditional methods practiced in western economies are not adequate to realize the market potential and alternative approaches are unavoidable to tap this market. suppliers A majority of the suppliers are small or marginal farmers who are often illiterate, poor, and with fluidity problems as they lack direct access to financial institutions. Again, traditional market mechanisms are not adequate to assure sustenance and growth of these suppliers.Third Par ty Logistics Services In addition to the weaknesses in the basic infrastructure, logistics and transportation services are typically not professionally managed, with little regard for quality and service. In addition to outbound logistics, GCMMF takes responsibility for coordinating with the distributors to assure adequate and timely supply of products. It also works with the Unions in determining product mix, product allocations and in developing production plans. The Unions, on the other hand, arrange collection logistics and support services to the member-farmers.In what follows we elaborate on these aspects in more detail and provide a rationale for the model and strategies adopted by GCMMF. Simultaneous Development of Suppliers and Customers From the very early stages of the makeup of AMUL, the cooperative realized that sustained growth for the long-term was contingent on matching supply and demand. The member-suppliers were typically small and marginal farmers with severe li quidity problems, illiterate and untrained. AMUL and other cooperative Unions adopted a number of strategies to develop the supply of milk and assure steady growth.First, for the short term, the procurement prices were set so as to provide fair and reasonable return. Second, aware of the liquidity problems, cash payments for the milk supply was made with token(prenominal) of delay. This practice continues today with more village societies making payments upon the receipt of milk. For the long-term, the Unions followed a multi-pronged strategy of education and support. For example, only part of the surplus generated by the Unions is paid to the members in the form of dividends Managing Third Party Service Providers Unions focused efforts on these activities and related technology development .The marketing efforts were assumed by GCMMF. All other activities were entrusted to third parties. These include logistics of milk collection, distribution of dairy products, sale of products through dealers and retail stores, some veterinary services etc. It is worth noting that a number of these third parties are not in the organized sector, and many are not professionally managed. Hence, while third parties perform the activities, the Unions and GCMMF have developed a number of mechanisms to retain control and assure quality and timely deliveries. This is particularly critical for a perishable product such as liquid milk.Coordination for Competitiveness Coordination is one of the key reasons for the success of operations involving such an commodious network of producers and distributors at GCMMF. Some interesting mechanisms exist for coordinating the supply chain at GCMMF. These mechanisms are Inter-locking Control The objective for developing such an inter-locking control mechanism is to ensure that the interest of the farmer is perpetually kept at the top of the agenda through its representatives who constitute the Boards of different entities that comprise the su pply chain.This form of direct representation also ensures that professional managers and farmers work together as a team to ratify the cooperative. This helps in coordinating decisions across different entities as well as speeding both the carry of information to the respective constituents and decisions. Coordination Agency Unique Role of Federation Its objective is to ensure that all milk that the farmers produce gets sold in the market either as milk or as value added products and to ensure that milk is made available to an increasingly large sections of the society at affordable pricesSupplier Enhancement and Network servicing Their objective is to ensure that producers get maximum benefit and to resolve all their problems. They manage the procurement of milk that comes via trucks & tankers from the VSs. They negotiate annual contracts with truckers, ensure availability of trucks for procurement, establish truck routes, observe truck movement and prevent stealing of milk whi le it is being transported. GCMMFS SUPPLY mountain chain DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL Amul products are available in over 500,000 PLUS retail outlets across India through its network of over 3,500 distributors.There are 47 depots with dry and cold warehouses to buffer inventory of the entire range of products. GCMMF transacts on an advance demand draft basis from its wholesale dealers instead of the cheque system adopted by other major FMCG companies. This practice is consistent with GCMMFs philosophy of maintaining cash transactions throughout the supply chain and it also minimizes dumping. Wholesale dealers carry inventory that is just adequate to take care of the transit time from the branch warehouse to their premises.This just-in-time inventory strategy improves dealers return on investment (ROI). All GCMMF branches engage in route scheduling and have dedicated vehicle operations Establishing best practices A key source of competitive advantage has been the enterprises ability to cont inuously implement best practices across all elements of the network the federation, the unions, the village societies and the distribution channel. In developing these practices, the federation and the unions have adapted successful models from around the world.It could be the implementation of small group activities or quality circles at the federation. Or a TQM program at the unions. Or housekeeping and good accounting practices at the village society level. More important, the network has been able to regularly roll out improvement programs across to a large number of members and the implementation rate is consistently high. For example, every Friday, without fail, between 10. 00 a. m. and 11. 00 a. m. , all employees of GCMMF meet at the closest office, be it a department or a branch or a depot to discuss their various quality concerns.Each meeting has its pre-set format in terms of Purpose, Agenda and Limit (PAL) with a process check at the end to record how the meeting was co nducted. Similar processes are in place at the village societies, the unions and even at the wholesaler and C&F agent levels as well. Examples of benefits from recent initiatives include reduction in transportation time from the depots to the wholesale dealers, improvement in ROI of wholesale dealers, implementation of Zero Stock Out through improved availability of products at depots and also the implementation of Just-in-Time in finance to reduce the float.Kaizens at the unions have helped improve the quality of milk in terms of acidity and sour milk. (Undertaken by multi-disciplined teams, Kaizens are highly focussed projects, reliant on a structured approach based on data gathering and analysis. ) For example, Sabar Unions records show a reduction from 2. 0% to 0. 5% in the amount of sour milk/curd received at the union. SELECTION, MOTIVATION & EVALUATION OF CHANNEL MEMBERS Selection The company takes into consideration a legions of factors while selecting the channel members.T his is because GCMMF believes that selection of channel members is a long run decision & the rest of the decision regarding the supply chain depends upon the efficiency & coverage by the channel members. The following are the host of factors considered by the company in selecting the channel members ? Authentication is required by the regarding the identity of the channel members, which includes the name & address, photograph of the location. ? Proof of solvency which requires name & address of the channel members bankers ? Safety of the inventory, which means that the distributor/ dealer should et the stock of the company insured. ? Inventory or the perishable goods kept by the distributor/ dealer should be in good condition which means a detail of storage space & refrigeration facility is to be provided. Refrigeration system should have deep freezers, cold room & walk in coolers. ? Details of the lecture vehicle, which includes Light Commercial Vehicles, Matador, 3 Wheeler Van, T ricycle Van & Hand/ zip cart. The number & model of each of the vehicle needs to be furnished to the company. ? GCMMF acknowledges the fact that it needs to be sensitive to the market demands.For this it requires that a number of salesmen needs to be present on the field. The salesmen too are divided into various categories like the Field salesmen & Counter salesmen. Also the details of Clerical Staff & Mazdoors are to be provided. The technical competence of the salesmen needs to be mentioned ? Details of the product kept of other companies have to be provided. The annual sales of these products too have to be mentioned. Also details of complementary products & product lines need to be mentioned. ? Dealers of the company must carry a good reputation.This is ascribable to the fact that the company believes reputation of the dealer affects the clientele. ? Market coverage by the distributors needs to be defined which includes details of geographical coverage & Outlets per market ar ea. ? The company also requires the dealers to furnish any Advertising & Sales initiative undertaken by them on behalf of the company. Observation ? The companys strength is in its procurement and not the distribution even they know this, as this is the industrys main problem. Other companies fail to replenish demand due to lack in procurement of raw milk. Amul has loyal cooperatives that provide milk only to them, over time the relationship of trust has built up with these people that amul leverages now. ? Transport channel is another strength as the transporters have grown with the company overtime the bonding with them enables the company to give least margins when it comes to the distributors in the industry, take down the costs. ? The company believes that there is an ongoing demand in the market and therefore no promotions are mandatory to increase the sales, also the fact this would affect the cost of the product the company doesnt undertake many promotion schemes. The not b eing a profit driven organization, is able to provide products at the least price in the industry, and is able to give least channel margins as the channel members earn through volumes and not through high margins. ? The company is enabled to push its new products into the market by hooking them onto the degraded moving products like Amul butter they force the channel members to carry the new products as well. Comments and Suggestion ? Amul should go in for exclusive outlets in at least all the shopping malls coming up these days and any location where footfalls are large in number.The advantages of this channel will be Full range display Easier to promote new products Easy to push impulse purchase products Brand building will be facilitated ? Pushcarts should be increased in number in order to increase the market distribute this can provide with e very effective channel for ice creams and flavored milks. ? Trade promotion should be formulated for newly launched products instead o f just tagging them onto best sellers. ? The company should start a home delivery where a particular household will order full range of products required by it over a period of time.For this the company could provide a deliveryman with cycle to reach the different houses. ? In order to motivate the channel members it is also very essential for the company to increase the margins for the hard selling items e. g. Amul dahi where it faces competition from Nestle & Mother dairy. ? In order to remain sensitive to market demand, it is essential for the company to place additional salesmen on the field since the brand as such commands a high demand in the market but fails to match it with the supply. picpicpic